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<html>
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<head>
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<link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
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<title>osmocom-analog</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<center><table><tr><td>
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<h2><center>AMPS</center></h2>
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<center><img src="amps.jpg"/></center>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#history">History</a>
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<li><a href="#howitworks">How it works</a>
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<li><a href="#basestation">Setup of a base station</a>
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</ul>
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<p class="toppic">
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<a name="history"></a>
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History
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</p>
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<p>
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*TBD*
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</p>
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<center><img src="amps-dynatac.jpg"/></center>
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<p>
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<ul>
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<li>Frequency range:
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<li>xxx voice channels
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<li>Duplex distance: 45 MHz
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<li>Channel spacing: 30 KHz
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<li>Voice modulation: FM
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<li>Signalling modulation: carrier FSK
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<li>Frequency deviation: 8 KHz (FSK)
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<li>Mobile station transmit power:
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<li>Base station transmit power:
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</ul>
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</p>
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<p class="toppic">
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<a name="howitworks"></a>
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</p>
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<p>
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*TBD*
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</p>
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<p class="toppic">
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<a name="basestation"></a>
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Setup of a base station
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</p>
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<p>
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*TBD*
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</p>
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<pre>
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# amps -k 334 -F yes -E -e
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...
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Selected System ID (SID) 40 belongs to:
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Salinas, CA (GTE Mobile)
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San Francisco, CA (GTE Mobile)
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San Jose, CA (GTE Mobile)
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San Rosa, CA (GTE Mobile)
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Santa Barbara, CA (GTE Mobile)
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amps.c:390 notice : You selected 'combined control & paging & voice channel'.
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This is a hack, but the only way to use control channel and voice channel on one transceiver.
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Some phones may reject this.
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amps.c:481 info : Entering IDLE state, sending Overhead/Filler frames on combined control & paging
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& voice channel.
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Base station on channel 334 ready, please tune transmitter to 880.020 MHz and receiver to 835.020 MHz.
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frame.c:3658 info : RX Level: 54% Quality: 66% Polarity: NEGATIVE
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frame.c:3658 info : RX Level: 53% Quality: 65% Polarity: NEGATIVE
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frame.c:3658 info : RX Level: 52% Quality: 60% Polarity: NEGATIVE
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</pre>
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<pre>
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frame.c:3630 info : RX RECC: DCC=0
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frame.c:2990 info : Received: Word A - Abbreviated Address Word
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frame.c:2990 info : Received: Word B - Extended Address Word
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frame.c:2990 info : Received: Word C - Serial Number Word
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amps.c:635 info : Registration 617XXXXXXX (ESN = 825b5f79, Class 6 / Discontinuous / 25 MHz)
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state IDLE -> REGISTER ACK
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transaction.c:98 info : Created transaction '617XXXXXXX' for subscriber 'REGISTER ACK'
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amps.c:989 info : Sending Register acknowledge
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state REGISTER ACK -> REGISTER ACK SEND
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 1 - Abbreviated Address Word
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 2 - Extended Address Word (SCC == 11)
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 1 - Abbreviated Address Word
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 2 - Extended Address Word (SCC == 11)
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 1 - Abbreviated Address Word
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 2 - Extended Address Word (SCC == 11)
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transaction.c:117 info : Destroying transaction for subscriber '617XXXXXXX'
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state REGISTER ACK SEND -> IDLE
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</pre>
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<pre>
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frame.c:3630 info : RX RECC: DCC=0
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frame.c:2990 info : Received: Word A - Abbreviated Address Word
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frame.c:2990 info : Received: Word B - Extended Address Word
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frame.c:2990 info : Received: Word C - Serial Number Word
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frame.c:2990 info : Received: Word D - First Word of the Called-Address (Origination - Voice Service)
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amps.c:653 info : Call 617XXXXXXX -> 5551212 (ESN = 825b5f79, Class 6 / Discontinuous / 25 MHz)
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state IDLE -> CALL ASSIGN MOBILE ORIGINAT ING
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transaction.c:98 info : Created transaction '617XXXXXXX' for subscriber 'CALLASSIGN MOBILE ORIGINATING'
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amps.c:1003 info : Assigning channel to call from mobile station
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state CALL ASSIGN MOBILE ORIGINATING ->
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CALL ASSIGN MOBILE ORIGINATING SEND
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 1 - Abbreviated Address Word
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 2 - Extended Address Word (SCC != 11)
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 1 - Abbreviated Address Word
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 2 - Extended Address Word (SCC != 11)
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 1 - Abbreviated Address Word
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 2 - Extended Address Word (SCC != 11)
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state CALL ASSIGN MOBILE ORIGINATING SEND -> CALL
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amps.c:951 info : Staying on combined control + voice channel 334
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amps.c:959 info : Setup call to network.
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call.c:590 info : Incomming call from '617XXXXXXX' to '5551212'
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dsp.c:678 notice : SAT level 72.31% quality 98%p)
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dsp.c:678 notice : SAT level 78.63% quality 100%)
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dsp.c:678 notice : SAT level 78.76% quality 100%)
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amps.c:585 info : Detected SAT signal with quality=100.
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dsp.c:678 notice : SAT level 78.66% quality 100%)
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</pre>
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<pre>
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amps.c:525 info : Detected Signalling Tone with quality=100.
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transaction.c:117 info : Destroying transaction for subscriber '617XXXXXXX'
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state CALL -> IDLE
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call.c:711 info : Call has been released with cause=16
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amps.c:481 info : Entering IDLE state, sending Overhead/Filler frames on combined control & paging
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& voice channel.
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</pre>
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<pre>
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call.c:457 info : Outgoing call to 617XXXXXXX
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amps.c:753 info : Call to mobile station, paging station id '617XXXXXXX'
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state IDLE -> PAGE
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transaction.c:98 info : Created transaction '617XXXXXXX' for subscriber 'PAGE'
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amps.c:1025 info : Paging the phone
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state PAGE -> PAGE SEND
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 1 - Abbreviated Address Word
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 2 - Extended Address Word (SCC == 11)
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 1 - Abbreviated Address Word
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 2 - Extended Address Word (SCC == 11)
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 1 - Abbreviated Address Word
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 2 - Extended Address Word (SCC == 11)
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state PAGE SEND -> PAGE REPLY
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frame.c:3658 info : RX Level: 60% Quality: 90% Polarity: POSITIVE
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frame.c:3630 info : RX RECC: DCC=0
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frame.c:2990 info : Received: Word A - Abbreviated Address Word
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frame.c:2990 info : Received: Word B - Extended Address Word
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frame.c:2990 info : Received: Word C - Serial Number Word
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amps.c:655 info : Paging reply 617XXXXXXX (ESN = 825b5f79, Class 6 / Discontinuous / 25 MHz)
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state PAGE REPLY -> CALL ASSIGN MOBILE TERMINATING
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amps.c:1012 info : Assigning channel to call to mobile station
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state CALL ASSIGN MOBILE TERMINATING ->
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CALL ASSIGN MOBILE TERMINATING SEND
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 1 - Abbreviated Address Word
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 2 - Extended Address Word (SCC != 11)
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 1 - Abbreviated Address Word
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 2 - Extended Address Word (SCC != 11)
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 1 - Abbreviated Address Word
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Word 2 - Extended Address Word (SCC != 11)
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state CALL ASSIGN MOBILE TERMINATING SEND ->
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CALL ALERT MOBILE TERMINATING
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amps.c:951 info : Staying on combined control + voice channel 334
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Mobile Station Control Message Word 1 (SCC == 11)
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dsp.c:678 notice : SAT level 76.43% quality 98%
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Mobile Station Control Message Word 1 (SCC == 11)
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dsp.c:678 notice : SAT level 77.44% quality 99%
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Mobile Station Control Message Word 1 (SCC == 11)
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dsp.c:678 notice : SAT level 78.58% quality 99%
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amps.c:585 info : Detected SAT signal with quality=99.
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Mobile Station Control Message Word 1 (SCC == 11)
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dsp.c:678 notice : SAT level 79.75% quality 100%
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amps.c:525 info : Detected Signalling Tone with quality=100.
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call.c:646 info : Call is alerting
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state CALL ALERT MOBILE TERMINATING ->
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CALL ALERT MOBILE TERMINATING SEND
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dsp.c:678 notice : SAT level 67.88% quality 98%
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dsp.c:678 notice : SAT level 80.28% quality 99%
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dsp.c:678 notice : SAT level 80.39% quality 99%
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dsp.c:678 notice : SAT level 80.08% quality 100%
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</pre>
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<pre>
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mps.c:527 info : Lost Signalling Tone signal
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call.c:689 info : Call has been answered by '617XXXXXXX'
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state CALL ALERT MOBILE TERMINATING SEND -> CALL
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</pre>
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<pre>
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call.c:479 info : Call hangup
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amps.c:836 info : Call has been released by network, releasing call.
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amps.c:866 info : Call control releases on voice channel, releasing towards mobile station.
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state CALL -> CALL RELEASE
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amps.c:1048 info : Releasing call to mobile station
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state CALL RELEASE -> CALL RELEASE SEND
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frame.c:2691 info : Transmit: Mobile Station Control Message Word 1 (SCC == 11)
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dsp.c:678 notice : SAT level 76.60% quality 100%
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transaction.c:117 info : Destroying transaction for subscriber '617XXXXXXX'
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transaction.c:175 info : Transaction state CALL RELEASE SEND -> IDLE
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amps.c:481 info : Entering IDLE state, sending Overhead/Filler frames on combined control &
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paging & voice channel.
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</pre>
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[<a href="index.html">Back to main page</a>]
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</td></tr></table></center>
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</body>
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</html>
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Binary file not shown.
After Width: | Height: | Size: 374 KiB |
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@ -22,12 +22,43 @@ History
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</p>
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</p>
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<p>
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<p>
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*TBD*
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C-Netz was the third mobile telephone network in Germany.
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It existed between 1984 (officially Mai 1985) and December 2000.
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It was the first cellular system, so frequencies could be used more efficiently.
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It offered handover capability, so moving phones can change cells during a call.
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New was the SIM card, which was similar to GSM.
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This card allowed to use phones by different subscribers with different subscriber numbers.
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Authentication was used to prevent fraud, but is was used only with SIM card phones.
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Extra services (e.g. conditional call forwarding, answering machine) were installed in the mobile network.
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A scrambler inside the phone and base station prevented eavedropping with radio scanners.
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Phones became smaller and portable, even handheld phones were available.
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It used full duplex radio link.
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All phones were available under a dedicated prefix, so the caller must to know the location of the phone anymore.
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</p>
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<center><img src="c-netz-c130.jpg"/></center>
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<p>
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<ul>
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<li>Frequency range: 461.300 - 465.740 MHz (downlink); 451.300 - 465.740 MHz (uplink)
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<li>222 voice channels
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<li>237 voice channels since Mai 1988
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<li>287 voice channels since September 1989
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<li>1 organisation channel (call setup and paging)
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<li>Duplex distance: 10 MHz
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<li>Channel spacing: 10 KHz and optionally 12.5 KHz
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<li>Voice modulation: FM
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<li>Signalling modulation: carrier FSK
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<li>Frequency deviation: 2.4 KHz (FSK)
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<li>Mobile station transmit power: 50 mW up to 15 Watts
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<li>Base station transmit power: 25 Watts
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</ul>
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</p>
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<p class="toppic">
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<p class="toppic">
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<a name="howitworks"></a>
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<a name="howitworks"></a>
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How it works
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</p>
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</p>
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<p>
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<p>
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@ -56,7 +87,7 @@ We need to calibrate the speed of our transmit signal (and receive signal as wel
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</p>
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</p>
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<p>
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<p>
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First of all, we need a reference clock.
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First of all we need a reference clock.
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Since most systems have standard crystals, we cannot use our system clock as reference without any help.
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Since most systems have standard crystals, we cannot use our system clock as reference without any help.
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I decided to use the NTP daemon.
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I decided to use the NTP daemon.
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After running the system for several days, the clock speed should be accurate enough for our needs.
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After running the system for several days, the clock speed should be accurate enough for our needs.
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@ -75,7 +106,7 @@ server ntp3.ptb.de
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<p>
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<p>
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This clock provides time base for European radio clocks and most German clocks.
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This clock provides time base for European radio clocks and most German clocks.
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It is perfect for this project, so please use this clock.
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It accurate enough for this project, so please use this clock.
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</p>
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</p>
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<pre>
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<pre>
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@ -145,14 +176,25 @@ Let it run again for one hour and you will see that clock deviation is below 1 P
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<font color="red">Importaint: We need to connect to PLL and discriminator!</font>
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<font color="red">Importaint: We need to connect to PLL and discriminator!</font>
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</p>
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</p>
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<p>
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C-Netz does not use a modulated tone to carry bits of information, instead it modulates the carrier directly.
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This image shows the demodulated signal from a receiver:
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</p>
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<center><img src="c-netz-burst_full.png"/></center>
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<center><img src="c-netz-burst_full.png"/></center>
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<p>
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<p>
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*TBD*
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Generally a receiver will do de-emphasis and filtering after demodulating the signal.
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We don't want that.
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It may work, but be sure to get a receiver with disciminator output.
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Many receivers can be modified, so search the Web for more infos.
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</p>
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</p>
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<p>
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<p>
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*TBD*
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On the transmitter we don't want to have filtering and pre-emphasis.
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It may work, but be sure to get a transmitter that allows to disable emphasis.
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I took the schematics of my transmitter and connected the sound card
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directly to the PLL.
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</p>
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</p>
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<p>
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<p>
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@ -170,17 +212,53 @@ The mobile station will only detect the correct polarity.
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The three sync words of "11100010010", is shown in the picture above.
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The three sync words of "11100010010", is shown in the picture above.
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In the picture above, the polarity is wrong.
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In the picture above, the polarity is wrong.
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(The logical "1" points down and the logical "0" points up.)
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(The logical "1" points down and the logical "0" points up.)
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You must check, with what polarity your transmitter is doing a positive frequency deviation.
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To change polarty, use command line option '-F yes|no|auto' or '--flip-polarity yes|no|auto'.
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Also you must check your sound card's polarity on positive value beeing sent.
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To change polarty, use command line option '-F yes' or '--flip-polarity yes'.
|
|
||||||
(Note: don't confuse with '-P'!)
|
(Note: don't confuse with '-P'!)
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<p>
|
<p>
|
||||||
This software does not care about what polarity it receives from the mobile station.
|
The 'auto' option (default) will generate a signal of two base stations.
|
||||||
|
Since we have time division multiplex on the main control channel, we can transmit a second base station easily.
|
||||||
|
The second base station uses reversed polarity, so there is one base station with correct and one with wrong polarity.
|
||||||
|
The two base stations have different time slots and different IDs.
|
||||||
|
If a first registration message is received from the phone, we check which base station this response belongs to.
|
||||||
|
Then we found the correct polarity and turn off the base station with the wrong polarity.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<p>
|
||||||
|
The decoder itself does not care about what polarity it receives from the mobile station.
|
||||||
It just checks for sync words with both polarities and chooses right polarity automatically.
|
It just checks for sync words with both polarities and chooses right polarity automatically.
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<p>
|
||||||
|
I have a transmitter and a receiver without emphasis, my soundcard has a clock error of about 19.2 PPM.
|
||||||
|
To run the base station I the following command line options:
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<pre>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# cnetz -k 131 -E -e -S 19.25,19.25
|
||||||
|
...
|
||||||
|
cnetz.c:142 notice : You selected channel 131 ('Orga-Kanal') for combined callin
|
||||||
|
g + traffic channel. Some phones will reject this.
|
||||||
|
dsp.c:96 info : Using clock speed of 19.2 ppm (RX) and 19.2 ppm (TX) to correc
|
||||||
|
t sound card's clock.
|
||||||
|
cnetz.c:274 info : Entering IDLE state on channel 131.
|
||||||
|
Base station on channel 131 ready, please tune transmitter to 465.090 MHz and re
|
||||||
|
ceiver to 455.090 MHz.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</pre>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<p>
|
||||||
|
The sofware complains about using control channel 131 for voice traffic too.
|
||||||
|
This is the easiest way to use a single transmitter and receiver without switching.
|
||||||
|
But this is not compliant, so especially newer phone will reject this, like the Nokia C130.
|
||||||
|
Old phones like BSA, Storno or Phillips phones don't care.
|
||||||
|
When we make a call and another phone is regisered, the phone will loose coverage when we switch from control channel to traffic channel.
|
||||||
|
After the call, the other phone re-registers again.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[<a href="index.html">Back to main page</a>]
|
[<a href="index.html">Back to main page</a>]
|
||||||
</td></tr></table></center>
|
</td></tr></table></center>
|
||||||
</body>
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ A base station implementation for classic mobile networks. All these networks us
|
||||||
<li><a href="b-netz.html">B-Netz</a></li>
|
<li><a href="b-netz.html">B-Netz</a></li>
|
||||||
<li><a href="c-netz.html">C-Netz</a></li>
|
<li><a href="c-netz.html">C-Netz</a></li>
|
||||||
<li><a href="nmt.html">NMT</a></li>
|
<li><a href="nmt.html">NMT</a></li>
|
||||||
|
<li><a href="amps.html">AMPS</a></li>
|
||||||
</ul>
|
</ul>
|
||||||
</center>
|
</center>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue