![Guy Harris](/assets/img/avatar_default.png)
In the process, fix various man page descriptions of the -t flag, and add support for UTC absolute times in the iousers and iostat TShark taps. svn path=/trunk/; revision=53114
565 lines
21 KiB
Text
565 lines
21 KiB
Text
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=head1 NAME
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rawshark - Dump and analyze raw pcap data
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=head1 SYNOPSIS
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B<rawshark>
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S<[ B<-d> E<lt>encap:linktypeE<gt>|E<lt>proto:protonameE<gt> ]>
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S<[ B<-F> E<lt>field to displayE<gt> ]>
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S<[ B<-h> ]>
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S<[ B<-l> ]>
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S<[ B<-n> ]>
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S<[ B<-N> E<lt>name resolving flagsE<gt> ]>
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S<[ B<-o> E<lt>preference settingE<gt> ] ...>
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S<[ B<-p> ]>
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S<[ B<-r> E<lt>pipeE<gt>|- ]>
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S<[ B<-R> E<lt>read (display) filterE<gt> ]>
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S<[ B<-s> ]>
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S<[ B<-S> E<lt>field formatE<gt> ]>
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S<[ B<-t> a|ad|adoy|d|dd|e|r|u|ud|udoy ]>
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S<[ B<-v> ]>
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=head1 DESCRIPTION
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B<Rawshark> reads a stream of packets from a file or pipe, and prints a line
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describing its output, followed by a set of matching fields for each packet
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on stdout.
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=head1 INPUT
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Unlike B<TShark>, B<Rawshark> makes no assumptions about encapsulation or
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input. The B<-d> and B<-r> flags must be specified in order for it to run.
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One or more B<-F> flags should be specified in order for the output to be
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useful. The other flags listed above follow the same conventions as
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B<Wireshark> and B<TShark>.
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B<Rawshark> expects input records with the following format by default. This
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matches the format of the packet header and packet data in a pcap-formatted
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file on disk.
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struct rawshark_rec_s {
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uint32_t ts_sec; /* Time stamp (seconds) */
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uint32_t ts_usec; /* Time stamp (microseconds) */
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uint32_t caplen; /* Length of the packet buffer */
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uint32_t len; /* "On the wire" length of the packet */
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uint8_t data[caplen]; /* Packet data */
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};
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If B<-p> is supplied B<rawshark> expects the following format. This
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matches the I<struct pcap_pkthdr> structure and packet data used in
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libpcap/WinPcap. This structure's format is platform-dependent; the
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size of the I<tv_sec> field in the I<struct timeval> structure could be
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32 bits or 64 bits. For B<rawshark> to work, the layout of the
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structure in the input must match the layout of the structure in
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B<rawshark>. Note that this format will probably be the same as the
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previous format if B<rawshark> is a 32-bit program, but will not
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necessarily be the same if B<rawshark> is a 64-bit program.
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struct rawshark_rec_s {
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struct timeval ts; /* Time stamp */
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uint32_t caplen; /* Length of the packet buffer */
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uint32_t len; /* "On the wire" length of the packet */
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uint8_t data[caplen]; /* Packet data */
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};
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In either case, the endianness (byte ordering) of each integer must match the
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system on which B<rawshark> is running.
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=head1 OUTPUT
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If one or more fields are specified via the B<-F> flag, B<Rawshark> prints
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the number, field type, and display format for each field on the first line
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as "packet number" 0. For each record, the packet number, matching fields,
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and a "1" or "0" are printed to indicate if the field matched any supplied
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display filter. A "-" is used to signal the end of a field description and
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at the end of each packet line. For example, the flags B<-F ip.src -F
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dns.qry.type> might generate the following output:
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0 FT_IPv4 BASE_NONE - 1 FT_UINT16 BASE_HEX -
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1 1="1" 0="192.168.77.10" 1 -
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2 1="1" 0="192.168.77.250" 1 -
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3 0="192.168.77.10" 1 -
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4 0="74.125.19.104" 1 -
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Note that packets 1 and 2 are DNS queries, and 3 and 4 are not. Adding B<-R "not dns"> still prints each line, but there's an indication
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that packets 1 and 2 didn't pass the filter:
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0 FT_IPv4 BASE_NONE - 1 FT_UINT16 BASE_HEX -
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1 1="1" 0="192.168.77.10" 0 -
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2 1="1" 0="192.168.77.250" 0 -
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3 0="192.168.77.10" 1 -
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4 0="74.125.19.104" 1 -
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Also note that the output may be in any order, and that multiple matching
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fields might be displayed.
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=head1 OPTIONS
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=over 4
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=item -d E<lt>encapsulationE<gt>
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Specify how the packet data should be dissected. The encapsulation is of the
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form I<type>B<:>I<value>, where I<type> is one of:
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B<encap>:I<name> Packet data should be dissected using the
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libpcap/WinPcap data link type (DLT) I<name>, e.g. B<encap:EN10MB> for
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Ethernet. Names are converted using pcap_datalink_name_to_val().
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A complete list of DLTs can be found at
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L<http://www.tcpdump.org/linktypes.html>.
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B<encap>:I<number> Packet data should be dissected using the
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libpcap/WinPcap LINKTYPE_ I<number>, e.g. B<encap:105> for raw IEEE
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802.11 or B<encap:101> for raw IP.
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B<proto>:I<protocol> Packet data should be passed to the specified Wireshark
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protocol dissector, e.g. B<proto:http> for HTTP data.
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=item -F E<lt>field to displayE<gt>
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Add the matching field to the output. Fields are any valid display filter
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field. More than one B<-F> flag may be specified, and each field can match
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multiple times in a given packet. A single field may be specified per B<-F>
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flag. If you want to apply a display filter, use the B<-R> flag.
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=item -h
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Print the version and options and exits.
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=item -l
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Flush the standard output after the information for each packet is
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printed. (This is not, strictly speaking, line-buffered if B<-V>
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was specified; however, it is the same as line-buffered if B<-V> wasn't
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specified, as only one line is printed for each packet, and, as B<-l> is
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normally used when piping a live capture to a program or script, so that
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output for a packet shows up as soon as the packet is seen and
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dissected, it should work just as well as true line-buffering. We do
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this as a workaround for a deficiency in the Microsoft Visual C++ C
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library.)
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This may be useful when piping the output of B<TShark> to another
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program, as it means that the program to which the output is piped will
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see the dissected data for a packet as soon as B<TShark> sees the
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packet and generates that output, rather than seeing it only when the
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standard output buffer containing that data fills up.
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=item -n
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Disable network object name resolution (such as hostname, TCP and UDP port
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names), the B<-N> flag might override this one.
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=item -N E<lt>name resolving flagsE<gt>
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Turn on name resolving only for particular types of addresses and port
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numbers, with name resolving for other types of addresses and port
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numbers turned off. This flag overrides B<-n> if both B<-N> and B<-n> are
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present. If both B<-N> and B<-n> flags are not present, all name resolutions are
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turned on.
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The argument is a string that may contain the letters:
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B<m> to enable MAC address resolution
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B<n> to enable network address resolution
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B<N> to enable using external resolvers (e.g., DNS) for network address
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resolution
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B<t> to enable transport-layer port number resolution
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B<C> to enable concurrent (asynchronous) DNS lookups
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=item -o E<lt>preferenceE<gt>:E<lt>valueE<gt>
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Set a preference value, overriding the default value and any value read
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from a preference file. The argument to the option is a string of the
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form I<prefname>B<:>I<value>, where I<prefname> is the name of the
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preference (which is the same name that would appear in the preference
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file), and I<value> is the value to which it should be set.
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=item -p
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Assume that packet data is preceded by a pcap_pkthdr struct as defined in
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pcap.h. On some systems the size of the timestamp data will be different from
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the data written to disk. On other systems they are identical and this flag has
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no effect.
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=item -r E<lt>pipeE<gt>|-
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Read packet data from I<input source>. It can be either the name of a FIFO
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(named pipe) or ``-'' to read data from the standard input, and must have
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the record format specified above.
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=item -R E<lt>read (display) filterE<gt>
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Cause the specified filter (which uses the syntax of read/display filters,
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rather than that of capture filters) to be applied before printing the output.
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=item -s
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Allows standard pcap files to be used as input, by skipping over the 24
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byte pcap file header.
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=item -S
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Use the specified format string to print each field. The following formats
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are supported:
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B<%D> Field name or description, e.g. "Type" for dns.qry.type
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B<%N> Base 10 numeric value of the field.
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B<%S> String value of the field.
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For something similar to Wireshark's standard display ("Type: A (1)") you
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could use B<%D: %S (%N)>.
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=item -t a|ad|adoy|d|dd|e|r|u|ud|udoy
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Set the format of the packet timestamp printed in summary lines.
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The format can be one of:
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B<a> absolute: The absolute time, as local time in your time zone,
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is the actual time the packet was captured, with no date displayed
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B<ad> absolute with date: The absolute date, displayed as YYYY-MM-DD,
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and time, as local time in your time zone, is the actual time and date
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the packet was captured
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B<adoy> absolute with date using day of year: The absolute date,
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displayed as YYYY/DOY, and time, as local time in your time zone,
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is the actual time and date the packet was captured
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B<d> delta: The delta time is the time since the previous packet was
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captured
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B<dd> delta_displayed: The delta_displayed time is the time since the
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previous displayed packet was captured
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B<e> epoch: The time in seconds since epoch (Jan 1, 1970 00:00:00)
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B<r> relative: The relative time is the time elapsed between the first packet
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and the current packet
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B<u> UTC: The absolute time, as UTC, is the actual time the packet was
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captured, with no date displayed
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B<ud> UTC with date: The absolute date, displayed as YYYY-MM-DD,
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and time, as UTC, is the actual time and date the packet was captured
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B<udoy> UTC with date using day of year: The absolute date, displayed
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as YYYY/DOY, and time, as UTC, is the actual time and date the packet
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was captured
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The default format is relative.
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=item -v
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Print the version and exit.
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=back
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=head1 READ FILTER SYNTAX
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For a complete table of protocol and protocol fields that are filterable
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in B<TShark> see the wireshark-filter(4) manual page.
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=head1 FILES
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These files contains various B<Wireshark> configuration values.
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=over 4
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=item Preferences
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The F<preferences> files contain global (system-wide) and personal
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preference settings. If the system-wide preference file exists, it is
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read first, overriding the default settings. If the personal preferences
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file exists, it is read next, overriding any previous values. Note: If
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the command line option B<-o> is used (possibly more than once), it will
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in turn override values from the preferences files.
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The preferences settings are in the form I<prefname>B<:>I<value>,
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one per line,
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where I<prefname> is the name of the preference
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and I<value> is the value to
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which it should be set; white space is allowed between B<:> and
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I<value>. A preference setting can be continued on subsequent lines by
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indenting the continuation lines with white space. A B<#> character
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starts a comment that runs to the end of the line:
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# Capture in promiscuous mode?
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# TRUE or FALSE (case-insensitive).
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capture.prom_mode: TRUE
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The global preferences file is looked for in the F<wireshark> directory
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under the F<share> subdirectory of the main installation directory (for
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example, F</usr/local/share/wireshark/preferences>) on UNIX-compatible
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systems, and in the main installation directory (for example,
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F<C:\Program Files\Wireshark\preferences>) on Windows systems.
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The personal preferences file is looked for in
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F<$HOME/.wireshark/preferences> on
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UNIX-compatible systems and F<%APPDATA%\Wireshark\preferences> (or, if
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%APPDATA% isn't defined, F<%USERPROFILE%\Application
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Data\Wireshark\preferences>) on Windows systems.
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=item Disabled (Enabled) Protocols
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The F<disabled_protos> files contain system-wide and personal lists of
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protocols that have been disabled, so that their dissectors are never
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called. The files contain protocol names, one per line, where the
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protocol name is the same name that would be used in a display filter
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for the protocol:
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http
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tcp # a comment
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The global F<disabled_protos> file uses the same directory as the global
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preferences file.
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The personal F<disabled_protos> file uses the same directory as the
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personal preferences file.
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=item Name Resolution (hosts)
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If the personal F<hosts> file exists, it is
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used to resolve IPv4 and IPv6 addresses before any other
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attempts are made to resolve them. The file has the standard F<hosts>
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file syntax; each line contains one IP address and name, separated by
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whitespace. The same directory as for the personal preferences file is
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used.
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Capture filter name resolution is handled by libpcap on UNIX-compatible
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systems and WinPcap on Windows. As such the Wireshark personal F<hosts> file
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will not be consulted for capture filter name resolution.
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=item Name Resolution (ethers)
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The F<ethers> files are consulted to correlate 6-byte hardware addresses to
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names. First the personal F<ethers> file is tried and if an address is not
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found there the global F<ethers> file is tried next.
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Each line contains one hardware address and name, separated by
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whitespace. The digits of the hardware address are separated by colons
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(:), dashes (-) or periods (.). The same separator character must be
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used consistently in an address. The following three lines are valid
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lines of an F<ethers> file:
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ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff Broadcast
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c0-00-ff-ff-ff-ff TR_broadcast
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00.00.00.00.00.00 Zero_broadcast
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The global F<ethers> file is looked for in the F</etc> directory on
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UNIX-compatible systems, and in the main installation directory (for
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example, F<C:\Program Files\Wireshark>) on Windows systems.
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The personal F<ethers> file is looked for in the same directory as the personal
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preferences file.
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Capture filter name resolution is handled by libpcap on UNIX-compatible
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systems and WinPcap on Windows. As such the Wireshark personal F<ethers> file
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will not be consulted for capture filter name resolution.
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=item Name Resolution (manuf)
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The F<manuf> file is used to match the 3-byte vendor portion of a 6-byte
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hardware address with the manufacturer's name; it can also contain well-known
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MAC addresses and address ranges specified with a netmask. The format of the
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file is the same as the F<ethers> files, except that entries of the form:
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00:00:0C Cisco
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can be provided, with the 3-byte OUI and the name for a vendor, and
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entries such as:
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00-00-0C-07-AC/40 All-HSRP-routers
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can be specified, with a MAC address and a mask indicating how many bits
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of the address must match. The above entry, for example, has 40
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significant bits, or 5 bytes, and would match addresses from
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00-00-0C-07-AC-00 through 00-00-0C-07-AC-FF. The mask need not be a
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multiple of 8.
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The F<manuf> file is looked for in the same directory as the global
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preferences file.
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=item Name Resolution (ipxnets)
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The F<ipxnets> files are used to correlate 4-byte IPX network numbers to
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names. First the global F<ipxnets> file is tried and if that address is not
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found there the personal one is tried next.
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The format is the same as the F<ethers>
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file, except that each address is four bytes instead of six.
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Additionally, the address can be represented as a single hexadecimal
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number, as is more common in the IPX world, rather than four hex octets.
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For example, these four lines are valid lines of an F<ipxnets> file:
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C0.A8.2C.00 HR
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c0-a8-1c-00 CEO
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00:00:BE:EF IT_Server1
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110f FileServer3
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The global F<ipxnets> file is looked for in the F</etc> directory on
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UNIX-compatible systems, and in the main installation directory (for
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example, F<C:\Program Files\Wireshark>) on Windows systems.
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The personal F<ipxnets> file is looked for in the same directory as the
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personal preferences file.
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=back
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=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
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=over 4
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=item WIRESHARK_APPDATA
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On Windows, Wireshark normally stores all application data in %APPDATA% or
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%USERPROFILE%. You can override the default location by exporting this
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environment variable to specify an alternate location.
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=item WIRESHARK_DEBUG_EP_NO_CHUNKS
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Normally per-packet memory is allocated in large "chunks." This behavior
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doesn't work well with debugging tools such as Valgrind or ElectricFence.
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Export this environment variable to force individual allocations.
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Note: disabling chunks also disables canaries (see below).
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=item WIRESHARK_DEBUG_SE_NO_CHUNKS
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Normally per-file memory is allocated in large "chunks." This behavior
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doesn't work well with debugging tools such as Valgrind or ElectricFence.
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Export this environment variable to force individual allocations.
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Note: disabling chunks also disables canaries (see below).
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=item WIRESHARK_DEBUG_EP_NO_CANARY
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Normally per-packet memory allocations are separated by "canaries" which
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allow detection of memory overruns. This comes at the expense of some extra
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memory usage. Exporting this environment variable disables these canaries.
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=item WIRESHARK_DEBUG_SE_USE_CANARY
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Exporting this environment variable causes per-file memory allocations to be
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protected with "canaries" which allow for detection of memory overruns.
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This comes at the expense of significant extra memory usage.
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=item WIRESHARK_DEBUG_SCRUB_MEMORY
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If this environment variable is set, the contents of per-packet and
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per-file memory is initialized to 0xBADDCAFE when the memory is allocated
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and is reset to 0xDEADBEEF when the memory is freed. This functionality is
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useful mainly to developers looking for bugs in the way memory is handled.
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=item WIRESHARK_DEBUG_WMEM_OVERRIDE
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Setting this environment variable forces the wmem framework to use the
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specified allocator backend for *all* allocations, regardless of which
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backend is normally specified by the code. This is mainly useful to developers
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when testing or debugging. See I<README.wmem> in the source distribution for
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details.
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=item WIRESHARK_RUN_FROM_BUILD_DIRECTORY
|
|
|
|
This environment variable causes the plugins and other data files to be loaded
|
|
from the build directory (where the program was compiled) rather than from the
|
|
standard locations. It has no effect when the program in question is running
|
|
with root (or setuid) permissions on *NIX.
|
|
|
|
=item WIRESHARK_DATA_DIR
|
|
|
|
This environment variable causes the various data files to be loaded from
|
|
a directory other than the standard locations. It has no effect when the
|
|
program in question is running with root (or setuid) permissions on *NIX.
|
|
|
|
=item WIRESHARK_PYTHON_DIR
|
|
|
|
This environment variable points to an alternate location for Python.
|
|
It has no effect when the program in question is running with root (or setuid)
|
|
permissions on *NIX.
|
|
|
|
=item ERF_RECORDS_TO_CHECK
|
|
|
|
This environment variable controls the number of ERF records checked when
|
|
deciding if a file really is in the ERF format. Setting this environment
|
|
variable a number higher than the default (20) would make false positives
|
|
less likely.
|
|
|
|
=item IPFIX_RECORDS_TO_CHECK
|
|
|
|
This environment variable controls the number of IPFIX records checked when
|
|
deciding if a file really is in the IPFIX format. Setting this environment
|
|
variable a number higher than the default (20) would make false positives
|
|
less likely.
|
|
|
|
=item WIRESHARK_ABORT_ON_DISSECTOR_BUG
|
|
|
|
If this environment variable is set, B<Rawshark> will call abort(3)
|
|
when a dissector bug is encountered. abort(3) will cause the program to
|
|
exit abnormally; if you are running B<Rawshark> in a debugger, it
|
|
should halt in the debugger and allow inspection of the process, and, if
|
|
you are not running it in a debugger, it will, on some OSes, assuming
|
|
your environment is configured correctly, generate a core dump file.
|
|
This can be useful to developers attempting to troubleshoot a problem
|
|
with a protocol dissector.
|
|
|
|
=item WIRESHARK_ABORT_ON_TOO_MANY_ITEMS
|
|
|
|
If this environment variable is set, B<Rawshark> will call abort(3)
|
|
if a dissector tries to add too many items to a tree (generally this
|
|
is an indication of the dissector not breaking out of a loop soon enough).
|
|
abort(3) will cause the program to exit abnormally; if you are running
|
|
B<Rawshark> in a debugger, it should halt in the debugger and allow
|
|
inspection of the process, and, if you are not running it in a debugger,
|
|
it will, on some OSes, assuming your environment is configured correctly,
|
|
generate a core dump file. This can be useful to developers attempting to
|
|
troubleshoot a problem with a protocol dissector.
|
|
|
|
=item WIRESHARK_EP_VERIFY_POINTERS
|
|
|
|
This environment variable, if set, causes certain uses of pointers to be
|
|
audited to ensure they do not point to memory that is deallocated after each
|
|
packet has been fully dissected. This can be useful to developers writing or
|
|
auditing code.
|
|
|
|
=item WIRESHARK_SE_VERIFY_POINTERS
|
|
|
|
This environment variable, if set, causes certain uses of pointers to be
|
|
audited to ensure they do not point to memory that is deallocated after when
|
|
a capture file is closed. This can be useful to developers writing or
|
|
auditing code.
|
|
|
|
=item WIRESHARK_ABORT_ON_OUT_OF_MEMORY
|
|
|
|
This environment variable, if present, causes abort(3) to be called if certain
|
|
out-of-memory conditions (which normally result in an exception and an
|
|
explanatory error message) are experienced. This can be useful to developers
|
|
debugging out-of-memory conditions.
|
|
|
|
=back
|
|
|
|
=head1 SEE ALSO
|
|
|
|
wireshark-filter(4), wireshark(1), tshark(1), editcap(1), pcap(3), dumpcap(1),
|
|
text2pcap(1), pcap-filter(7) or tcpdump(8)
|
|
|
|
=head1 NOTES
|
|
|
|
B<Rawshark> is part of the B<Wireshark> distribution. The latest version of
|
|
B<Wireshark> can be found at L<http://www.wireshark.org>.
|
|
|
|
HTML versions of the Wireshark project man pages are available at:
|
|
L<http://www.wireshark.org/docs/man-pages>.
|
|
|
|
=head1 AUTHORS
|
|
|
|
B<Rawshark> uses the same packet dissection code that B<Wireshark> does, as
|
|
well as using many other modules from B<Wireshark>; see the list of authors
|
|
in the B<Wireshark> man page for a list of authors of that code.
|
|
|