update, final version before presentation
This commit is contained in:
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@ -12,9 +12,8 @@ Running FOSS Cellular Networks on Linux
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[role="incremental"]
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* Implementing GSM/GPRS network elements as FOSS
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* Applied Protocol Archeology
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* Applied Protocol Archaeology
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* Doing all of that on top of Linux (in userspace)
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* If you expeccted kernel stuff, you'll be disappointed
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== Running your own Internet-style network
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@ -216,10 +215,11 @@ image::osmo-bts.svg[]
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** `osmo-bts-octphy`: Octasic OCTBTS hardware / OCTSDR-2G PHY
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** `osmo-bts-litecell15`: Nutaq Litecell 1.5 hardware/PHY
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See separate talk about BTS hardware options later today.
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== Configuring Osmocom software
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* all Osmo* GSM infrastructure programs share common architecture, as
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* all _native_ Osmo* GSM infrastructure programs share common architecture, as
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defined by various libraries 'libosmo{core,gsm,vty,abis,netif,...}'
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* part of this is configuration handling
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** interactive configuration via command line interface (*vty*), similar
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@ -260,6 +260,7 @@ BTS settings are configured in the BSC/NITB configuration file.
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source tree / git repository
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* just your usual `git clone && autoreconf -fi && ./configure && make install`
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** (in reality, the `libosmo*` dependencies are required first...)
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* nightly packages for Debian 8, Ubuntu 16.04 and 16.10 available
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* 'OsmoNITB' runs on any Linux system, like your speakers' laptop
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** you can actually also run it on the ARM/Linux of the 'sysmoBTS' itself,
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having a literal 'Network In The Box' with power as only external
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@ -445,7 +446,7 @@ digraph G {
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PCU->SGSN [label="Gb"]
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SGSN->GGSN [label="GTP"]
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}
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}
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----
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* 'PCU': Packet Control Unit. Runs RLC+MAC
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@ -517,168 +518,6 @@ digraph G {
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We need to configure those additional components to provide GPRS
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services.
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== Simplified OsmoNITB network with GPRS
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image::osmocom-gprs.svg[width=750]
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//* show IP addresses at nodes
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//* show GSM functional elements, Osmocom programs and hardware
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== Configuring OsmoPCU
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We assume we have obtained and compiled the `osmo-pcu` from
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git://git.osmocom.org/osmo-pcu
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* 'OsmoPCU' runs co-located with 'OsmoBTS' to access/share the same PHY + Radio
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* 'OsmoPCU' is primarily configured from 'OsmoBTS'
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* 'OsmoBTS' receives relevant config via A-bis OML
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* 'OsmoNITB' sends those OML messages to OsmoBTS
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** we thus need to set the PCU configuration in the NITB config file!
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== BTS config for GPRS (in OsmoNITB)
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----
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bts 0
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gprs mode gprs <1>
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gprs nsei 1234 <2>
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gprs nsvc 0 nsvci 1234 <3>
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gprs nsvc 0 local udp port 23000 <4>
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gprs nsvc 0 remote ip 192.168.1.11 <5>
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gprs nsvc 0 remote udp port 23000 <6>
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----
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<1> enable `gprs` or `egprs` mode
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<2> NSEI for the NS protocol layer (unique for each PCU in SGSN)
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<3> NSVCI for the NS protocol layer (unique for each PCU in SGSN)
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<4> UDP port on PCU side of Gb connection
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<5> IP address of SGSN side of Gb connection
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<6> UDP port on SGSN side of Gb connection
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== Configuring OsmoSGSN (Gb and GTP)
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----
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ns
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encapsulation udp local-ip 192.168.100.11 <1>
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encapsulation udp local-port 23000 <2>
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sgsn
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gtp local-ip 127.0.0.2 <3>
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ggsn 0 remote-ip 127.0.0.1 <4>
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ggsn 0 gtp-version 1 <5>
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apn * ggsn 0 <6>
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----
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<1> SGSN-local IP address for Gb connection from PCUs
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<2> SGSN-local UDP port number for Gb connection from PCUs
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<3> SGSN-local IP address for GTP connection to GGSN
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<4> remote IP address for GTP connection to GGSN
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<5> GTP protocol version for this GGSN
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<6> route all APN names to GGSN 0
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== Configuring OsmoSGSN (subscribers)
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'OsmoSGSN' (still) has no access to the 'OsmoNITB' HLR, thus all IMSIs
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permitted to use GPRS services need to be explicitly configured.
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----
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sgsn
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auth-policy closed <1>
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imsi-acl add 262778026147135 <2>
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----
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<1> only allow explicitly authorized/white-listed subscribers
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<2> add given IMSI to the white-list of subscribers
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== Setting up OpenGGSN
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In `ggsn.cfg` we need to set:
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----
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listen 172.0.0.1 <1>
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net 10.23.24.0/24 <2>
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dynip 10.23.42.0/24 <3>
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pcodns1 8.8.8.8 <4>
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----
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<1> IP address to bind GSN to.
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<2> network/mask of `tun` device
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<3> pool of dynamic IP addresses allocated to PDP contexts
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<4> IP address of DNS server (communicated to MS via signalling)
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== Testing GPRS
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* Check if `osmo-pcu`, `osmo-sgsn`, `openggsn` are running
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* Check if NS and BSSGP protocols are UNBLOCKED at SGSN
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** If not, check your NS/BSSGP configuration
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* Check for GPRS registration using `logging level mm info` in SGSN
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== Osmocom beyond GSM/GPRS RAN + NITB
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* Smalltalk implementation of SIGTRAN + TCAP/MAP
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* Erlang implementation of SIGTRAN + TCAP/MAP
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* Lots of special-purpose protocol mangling
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** `bsc-nat` to introduce NAT-like functionality on A (BSSAP/BSSMAP)
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** `mgw-nat` to transparently re-write MAP/ISUP/SCCP
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* GSMTAP pseudo-header for feeding non-IP protocols into wireshark
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* SIM card protocol tracer hardware + software
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* Lots of non-GSM projects from hardware to protocol stacks (TETRA, GMR, DECT, OP25)
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* check http://git.osmocom.org/ for full project list
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== So... I heard about OpenBTS?
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* OpenBTS is completely unrelated to the Osmocom stack
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* was independently developed by David Burgess & Harvind Simra
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** Kestrel Signal Processing -> Range Networks
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* doesn't follow GSM system architecture at all
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** no Abis, BSC, PCU, SGSN, GGSN
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* is a bridge of the GSM air interface (Um) to SIP
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* Osmocom follows classic GSM interfaces / system architecture
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* 'OsmoTRX' forked 'OpenBTS' SDR code to use 'OsmoBTS' with SDR hardware
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== Outlook on FOSS 2.75G (EDGE)
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* EDGE extends GPRS with higher data rates
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** 8PSK instead of GMSK modulation
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** lots of new MAC/RLC features (larger windows, incremental redundancy)
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** No changes required in 'OmsoSGSN' and 'OsmoGGSN'
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* 'OsmoPCU' is extended with EDGE support
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* First working minimal subset published last week
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== Outlook on FOSS 3G (UMTS/WCDMA)
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* UMTS very similar to GSM/GPRS in principle
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** still, almost every interface and protocol stack has changed
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** all elements have been renamed -> more acronyms to learn
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* UMTS is ridiculously complex, particular PHY + Layer 2
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** however, control plane L3 (MM/CC/CM/SM/GMM) mostly the same
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* Implementing all of that from scratch is a long journey
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* We've already reached 'Peak 3G'
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* Osmocom 3G support strategy
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** Implement Iu interface in NITB and SGSN
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** Implement HNB-GW to offer Iuh interface
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** Use existing femtocell / small cell hardware with proprietary PHY, RLC and MAC
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** Status: Started in October 2015, WIP. Overall completion > 50%.
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== Outlook on FOSS 4G (LTE)
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* LTE has nothing in common with 2G/3G
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* various FOSS activities
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** 'OpenAirInterface' has some code for a software eNodeB
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*** but they switched from GPLv3 to 'non-free' license :(
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** 'srsLTE' (main focus on UE side, but large parts usable for eNodeB side)
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** 'OpenLTE' is another active FOSS project
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* No Osmocom involvement so far
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** team is small, project scope of cellular infrastructure is gigantic
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** most customer funding currently still on GSM/GPRS/EDGE
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** if we'd start, we'd start implementing MME + S-GW and use existing LTE cells
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== The End
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* so long, and thanks for all the fish
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@ -688,16 +527,4 @@ pcodns1 8.8.8.8 <4>
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* have fun exploring mobile technologies using Osmocom
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* interested in working with more acronyms? Come join the project!
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* Check out http://openbsc.osmocom.org/ and openbsc@lists.osmocom.org
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== Thanks to
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* Pablo for running netdevconf and inviting me
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* the entire Osmocom team for what they have achieved
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** notably Dieter Spaar, Holger Freyther, Andreas Eversberg, Sylvain Munaut
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* last but not least: CEPT for making the GSM specs English
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** (who'd want to read French specs anyway?)
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* Check out https://osmocom.org/ and openbsc@lists.osmocom.org
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@ -5,6 +5,19 @@ BBSs and Early Internet Access in Germany
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:backend: slidy
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:max-width: 45em
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== Introduction
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[role="incremental"]
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* this is not a high-tech talk
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* way fewer acronyms than in mots of my other talks
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* I didn't invent any of the technologies covered
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* I didn't write any of the software covered
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* Just a mere user and operator/sysadming
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* .. this is the world I grew up in (age 11 onwards)
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[role="incremental"]
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* very limited information available in literature and on the WWW
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* lots of younger members of our community lack this history
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== Circuit Switched Telephony
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@ -17,10 +30,21 @@ BBSs and Early Internet Access in Germany
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== Hardware
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* Telephone
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* Copper wire
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* Telephone Exchange
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* Copper wire[s]
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* Telephone Exchange[s]
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== Accoustic Coupler
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image:images/pots_fig10.2.png[width="80%"]
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== Phone Charges
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In Germany during the 80ies and 90ies
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* even local calls were metered / charged
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* flat rates didn't exist
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* various zones between local and long distance
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* not many people could afford long distance BBSing
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== Acoustic Coupler
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* First devices to transmit bits as audible tones over telephone
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* User manually dialled phone number like voice call
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@ -30,12 +54,16 @@ image:images/accoustic_coupler.jpg[width="50%"]
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== Modems
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Automatization of the accoustic coupler
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Automation of the acoustic coupler
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* Avoid speaker/micrphone path
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* Avoid _air gap_ speaker/microphone path
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* directly generate/receive tones on phone line
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* directly dial the phone number / answer the line
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image:images/analogm.png[width="80%"]
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== Modems
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image:images/Modems.jpg[width="50%",float="right"]
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== Modem Speeds / Standards
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@ -62,6 +90,18 @@ What's a BBS?
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* Computer with Modem accepting incoming calls
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* offering interactive service to users who dial in
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To operate a BBS, you had to have
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* a separate/dedicated computer
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** most BBS software predated/predates multi-tasking OSs
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* running 24/7
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* attached to separate / dedicated phone line
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To use a BBS, you
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* power your computer when using it
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* can share your regular phone line with the modem
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== Content
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* bulletin boards / message boards
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@ -75,14 +115,20 @@ image:images/dosbox-telemate-login.png[width="50%"]
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== Technology/Software
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* Both sides: Computer + Modem
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* BBS Side
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* BBS Side Software
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** BBS Software
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** often extended by "doors" (external programs, think of CGI for web)
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* User Side
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** often extended by "doors" (external programs, think of CGI in Web)
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* User Side Software
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** Terminal Program (e.g. TELIX, Telemate for DOS)
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image:images/telemate.jpg[width="50%"]
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== Demo
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Time for a demo
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NOTE: I'm using telnet instead of modem/dialup (POTS lines hard to find these days)
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== The "BBS Protocol Stack"
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@ -125,6 +171,8 @@ image:images/xpmenu.gif[width="60%"]
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== BBS networks (store + forward)
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As opposed to individual BBSs with isolated communities...
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Idea: Replicate bulletin / message boards between independent BBSs, for
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* scalability in number of users
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@ -146,10 +194,10 @@ Idea: Replicate bulletin / message boards between independent BBSs, for
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== Example: FIDOnet
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* Starts in 1984 with two BBSs
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* Initial limit of 250 nodes reached in 1985
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* Hierarchic, Regoinal routing/Adressing introduced in 1986
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** Nodelist defines all nodes of the network + hierarchy
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* Addresses like "Harald Welte @ 2:2490/1343"
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* Initial technological limit of 250 nodes reached in 1985
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* Hierarchic, Regional routing/Addressing introduced in 1986
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** _Nodelist_ defines all nodes of the network + hierarchy
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* Addresses like *Harald Welte @ 2:2490/1343*
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* Up to 39,000 nodes in 1996, estimated 2 Million users world-wide
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== Example: Z-Netz
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* Later renamed to Z-Netz as the ZConnect protocol was implemented in other software
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** Standards defined based on perceived complexity of RFCs and Usenet/UUCP
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* CrossPoint (DOS) most popular point software for ZConnect
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* Addresses like H.WELTE@SILVER, later H.WELTE@SILVER.zer
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* Addresses like *H.WELTE@SILVER*, later *H.WELTE@SILVER.zer*
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== Example: UseNet
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* Established in 1980 in the US
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* Uses UUCP (Unix-to-Unix-Copy) as transport mechanism over Modmes
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** UUCP was created in the 1970ies and used to copy files, including Internet Mal
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* Uses UUCP (Unix-to-Unix-Copy) as transport mechanism over Modems
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** UUCP was created in the 1970ies and used to copy files, including Internet Mail
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* Usenet News format (RFC850) designed very similar to Internet Mail (RFC822)
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* Hierarchy of News Groups that gets replicated / flooded accross the network
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* Hierarchy of News Groups that gets replicated / flooded across the network, e.g.
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** comp.* — Discussion of computer-related topics like ``comp.lang.c++''
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** sci.* — Discussion of scientific subjects
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* Routing defined in route maps
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== Curiosity: Floppy Poll/Point
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[role="incremental"]
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* Not everyone had a phone line in the 1990ies
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** particularly Eastern Germany had big lack of phone lines
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* Some people thus exchanged daily floppies in evenlopes and mailed them as postal letters
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* Some people thus exchanged daily floppies in envelopes and mailed them as postal letters
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* Messages arrived about one day later, but with 1-2 days latency even inside the dial-up store-and-forward network, it hardly matters
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image:images/floppy-disk-1219954_640.png[width="30%"]
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@ -196,7 +247,24 @@ Early ways to access Internet:
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* if you had dial-up access to a Unix box
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* you could run SLIP on both sides, transporting IP over the modem line
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** IP. At home. In your apartment !!1!
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** Result: IP. At home. In your apartment !!1!
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* later superseded by PPP (auto-configuration, authentication, compression, ...)
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Popular software stack looked like:
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* Windows 3.11 + Trumpet Winsock (Windows didn't have TCP/IP!)
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* NCSA Mosaic as web-1.0 browser (1993 onwards)
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image:images/mosaic.jpg[]
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== Internet on PCs before Linux
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* if you didn't have a 386 or if Linux didn't exist yet
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* there was KA9Q NOS
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** Implementation of TCP/IP, SLIP, PPP for CP/M and DOS
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** POP3 + SMTP server + client, IP routing, telnet, ARP, etc.
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* you could run SLIP on both sides, transporting IP over the modem line
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** Result: IP. At home. In your apartment !!1!
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* later superseded by PPP (auto-configuration, authentication, compression, ...)
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@ -225,7 +293,7 @@ image:images/isdn.jpg[width="50%"]
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* Hard to access in early/mid 1990ies outside of academia
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* Almost no commercial ISPs (XLink, EUnet) - and very expensive
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* Grass-Roots groups of enthusiasts established themselves
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* Kommunikationsnetz Franken e.V. (KNF, franken.de) one of them
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* Kommunikationsnetz Franken e.V. (KNF, ``franken.de'') one of them
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** dial-up UUCP and shortly later IP for personal, non-commercial users
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** POPs in Nürnberg, Fürth, Erlangen, Forchheim, Würzburg, Regensburg, ...
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** Every user got 6 static IP addresses routed to wherever he dialed in (OSPF!)
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@ -240,7 +308,7 @@ image:images/isdn.jpg[width="50%"]
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** IN members served more than 300,000 users at one point
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** Dissolved in 2000, when
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*** commercial ISPs were widespread, and
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*** remaining IN member organizations could get decend connectivity with IN e.V.
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*** remaining IN member organizations could get decent connectivity with IN e.V.
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== Internet
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@ -254,7 +322,7 @@ This brought new purpose to leased lines
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== Analog Leased Lines
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* Telephone operator permanently interconnects wires at exchange
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* No signaling (dialtone/ringtone etc)
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* No signaling (dial tone, ring tone etc)
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* Requires modems with special capabilities
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** ATA without an incoming ring first
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** ATD without a dial tone first
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@ -267,12 +335,16 @@ This brought new purpose to leased lines
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|
||||
image:images/pict3_Lg.jpg[]
|
||||
|
||||
== hub-nbg.franken.de, 1998
|
||||
|
||||
image:images/pict4_Lg.jpg[]
|
||||
|
||||
== ISDN Leased Lines "SPV"
|
||||
|
||||
* Not really a leased line
|
||||
* Basically only "flat rate calls" to one specific (fixed) destination
|
||||
* Available in national 1TR6 only
|
||||
** some of them operated until 2006
|
||||
|
||||
== Abusing Analog Lines, Part 1
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -287,7 +359,7 @@ Easy upgrade to get performance of a leased ISDN line out of an Analog-G
|
|||
|
||||
[graphviz]
|
||||
----
|
||||
include::images/knf-leased_lines.dot[]
|
||||
include::images/knf-leased_lines.dot[width="100%"]
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
== hub-fue.franken.de, undated
|
||||
|
@ -300,10 +372,10 @@ image:images/hub-fue-04_Lg.jpg[]
|
|||
|
||||
== Abusing Analog Lines, Part 2
|
||||
|
||||
When the first DSL modems became availale in the US
|
||||
When the first DSL modems became available in the US
|
||||
|
||||
* we imported some Ascend DSLpipe
|
||||
* with some fimrwares, they could be used back-to-back (without DSLAM)
|
||||
* with some firmwares, they could be used back-to-back (without DSLAM)
|
||||
* suddenly we could get speeds of 2.3 MBps over analog lines
|
||||
** if they were not too long
|
||||
** if they didn't have in-line inductors
|
||||
|
@ -324,11 +396,25 @@ image:images/ascend.jpg[width="50%"]
|
|||
** ISDN SPV was used as Internet uplink
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
== Summary
|
||||
|
||||
* The first decade[s] of wide-area electronics communications
|
||||
** were powered by a community of enthusiasts
|
||||
** largely motivated by non-commercial motives
|
||||
** without much corporate or government influence
|
||||
* BBS community / culture is a distinct sub-culture.
|
||||
** different norms than HAM radio, Hackers, Free Software, but some of overlap
|
||||
|
||||
== Conclusions
|
||||
|
||||
* The first decade[s] of wide-area electronics communications was powered by a community of enthusiasts
|
||||
* BBS community / culture is a distinct sub-culture. Different norms than HAM radio, Hackers, Free Software, but lots of overlap
|
||||
In the BBS days
|
||||
|
||||
* networks were distributed, without single point of failure
|
||||
* infrastructure **owned and operated by its users**
|
||||
* connection speeds were largely symmetric
|
||||
* no data center vs. consumer separation with asymmetric speeds
|
||||
|
||||
This autonomy and de-centralization has been lost in the Internet age
|
||||
|
||||
== Further Reading
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -338,9 +424,22 @@ image:images/ascend.jpg[width="50%"]
|
|||
** FOSS multi-platform terminal program
|
||||
* http://artscene.textfiles.com/ansi/
|
||||
** Archive of ANSI Artwork
|
||||
* https://artpacks.org/
|
||||
** Another Archive of ANSI Artwork
|
||||
* http://www.filegate.net/nodelist/
|
||||
** FIDO nodelist of 2017
|
||||
* http://www.ka9q.net/code/ka9qnos/
|
||||
** Phil Karn's page on KA9Q NOS
|
||||
|
||||
== Thanks
|
||||
|
||||
* my uncle for giving me his old Olivetti acoustic coupler in 1990
|
||||
* Josef Groll, SysOp of SILVER.zer / SILVER.nbg.sub.org
|
||||
* Max Riegel, Martin Bokaemper, Joerg Kinzebach and KNF crew
|
||||
* Reinhold "unhold" Pretscher for Falken's Maze
|
||||
* All sotware developers of BBS related software
|
||||
* All SysOps that made the BBS community possible
|
||||
|
||||
== EOF
|
||||
|
||||
End of File
|
||||
NO CARRIER
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
|||
div.change_topic {
|
||||
display: flex;
|
||||
align-items: center;
|
||||
justify-content: center;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
div.change_topic h1 {
|
||||
text-align: center;
|
||||
border-bottom-width: 0px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
div.gimmick_right img {
|
||||
float: right;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
div.qanda ol {
|
||||
list-style-type: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.monospaced, code, pre {
|
||||
color: black;
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
div.quoteblock, div.verseblock {
|
||||
color: black;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
em {
|
||||
color: black;
|
||||
}
|
|
@ -3869,6 +3869,53 @@ setTimeout(w3c_slidy.hide_slides, 50);
|
|||
<span id="author">Harald Welte <laforge@gnumonks.org></span><br />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_introduction">Introduction</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<ul class=" incremental">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
this is not a high-tech talk
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
way fewer acronyms than in mots of my other talks
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
I didn’t invent any of the technologies covered
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
I didn’t write any of the software covered
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Just a mere user and operator/sysadming
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
.. this is the world I grew up in (age 11 onwards)
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
very limited information available in literature and on the WWW
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
lots of younger members of our community lack this history
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide incremental">
|
||||
<h1 id="_circuit_switched_telephony">Circuit Switched Telephony</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
|
@ -3911,19 +3958,50 @@ Telephone
|
|||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Copper wire
|
||||
Copper wire[s]
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Telephone Exchange
|
||||
Telephone Exchange[s]
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
|
||||
<img src="images/pots_fig10.2.png" alt="images/pots_fig10.2.png" width="80%" />
|
||||
</span></p></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_phone_charges">Phone Charges</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p>In Germany during the 80ies and 90ies</p></div>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
even local calls were metered / charged
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
flat rates didn’t exist
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
various zones between local and long distance
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
not many people could afford long distance BBSing
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_accoustic_coupler">Accoustic Coupler</h1>
|
||||
<h1 id="_acoustic_coupler">Acoustic Coupler</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
|
@ -3950,11 +4028,11 @@ After call was established, both sides put receiver into coupler
|
|||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_modems">Modems</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p>Automatization of the accoustic coupler</p></div>
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p>Automation of the acoustic coupler</p></div>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Avoid speaker/micrphone path
|
||||
Avoid <em>air gap</em> speaker/microphone path
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
|
@ -3969,6 +4047,14 @@ directly dial the phone number / answer the line
|
|||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
|
||||
<img src="images/analogm.png" alt="images/analogm.png" width="80%" />
|
||||
</span></p></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_modems_2">Modems</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
|
||||
<img src="images/Modems.jpg" alt="images/Modems.jpg" width="50%" />
|
||||
</span></p></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
@ -4058,6 +4144,44 @@ offering interactive service to users who dial in
|
|||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p>To operate a BBS, you had to have</p></div>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
a separate/dedicated computer
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
most BBS software predated/predates multi-tasking OSs
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
running 24/7
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
attached to separate / dedicated phone line
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p>To use a BBS, you</p></div>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
power your computer when using it
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
can share your regular phone line with the modem
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
|
@ -4106,7 +4230,7 @@ Both sides: Computer + Modem
|
|||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
BBS Side
|
||||
BBS Side Software
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
|
@ -4116,14 +4240,14 @@ BBS Software
|
|||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
often extended by "doors" (external programs, think of CGI for web)
|
||||
often extended by "doors" (external programs, think of CGI in Web)
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
User Side
|
||||
User Side Software
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
|
@ -4140,6 +4264,20 @@ Terminal Program (e.g. TELIX, Telemate for DOS)
|
|||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_demo">Demo</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p>Time for a demo</p></div>
|
||||
<div class="admonitionblock">
|
||||
<table><tr>
|
||||
<td class="icon">
|
||||
<div class="title">Note</div>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
<td class="content">I’m using telnet instead of modem/dialup (POTS lines hard to find these days)</td>
|
||||
</tr></table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_the_bbs_protocol_stack">The "BBS Protocol Stack"</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p>In the spirit of protocol stack diagrams…</p></div>
|
||||
|
@ -4256,6 +4394,7 @@ BBS can scale to more users this way
|
|||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_bbs_networks_store_forward">BBS networks (store + forward)</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p>As opposed to individual BBSs with isolated communities…</p></div>
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p>Idea: Replicate bulletin / message boards between independent BBSs, for</p></div>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
|
@ -4349,24 +4488,24 @@ Starts in 1984 with two BBSs
|
|||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Initial limit of 250 nodes reached in 1985
|
||||
Initial technological limit of 250 nodes reached in 1985
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Hierarchic, Regoinal routing/Adressing introduced in 1986
|
||||
Hierarchic, Regional routing/Addressing introduced in 1986
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Nodelist defines all nodes of the network + hierarchy
|
||||
<em>Nodelist</em> defines all nodes of the network + hierarchy
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Addresses like "Harald Welte @ 2:2490/1343"
|
||||
Addresses like <strong>Harald Welte @ 2:2490/1343</strong>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
|
@ -4405,7 +4544,7 @@ CrossPoint (DOS) most popular point software for ZConnect
|
|||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Addresses like <a href="mailto:H.WELTE@SILVER">H.WELTE@SILVER</a>, later <a href="mailto:H.WELTE@SILVER.zer">H.WELTE@SILVER.zer</a>
|
||||
Addresses like <strong>H.WELTE@SILVER</strong>, later <strong>H.WELTE@SILVER.zer</strong>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
@ -4422,12 +4561,12 @@ Established in 1980 in the US
|
|||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Uses UUCP (Unix-to-Unix-Copy) as transport mechanism over Modmes
|
||||
Uses UUCP (Unix-to-Unix-Copy) as transport mechanism over Modems
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
UUCP was created in the 1970ies and used to copy files, including Internet Mal
|
||||
UUCP was created in the 1970ies and used to copy files, including Internet Mail
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
@ -4439,8 +4578,20 @@ Usenet News format (RFC850) designed very similar to Internet Mail (RFC822)
|
|||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Hierarchy of News Groups that gets replicated / flooded accross the network
|
||||
Hierarchy of News Groups that gets replicated / flooded across the network, e.g.
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
comp.* — Discussion of computer-related topics like “comp.lang.c++”
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
sci.* — Discussion of scientific subjects
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
|
@ -4453,7 +4604,7 @@ Routing defined in route maps
|
|||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_curiosity_floppy_poll_point">Curiosity: Floppy Poll/Point</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<ul class=" incremental">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Not everyone had a phone line in the 1990ies
|
||||
|
@ -4468,7 +4619,7 @@ particularly Eastern Germany had big lack of phone lines
|
|||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Some people thus exchanged daily floppies in evenlopes and mailed them as postal letters
|
||||
Some people thus exchanged daily floppies in envelopes and mailed them as postal letters
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
|
@ -4555,7 +4706,69 @@ you could run SLIP on both sides, transporting IP over the modem line
|
|||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
IP. At home. In your apartment !!1!
|
||||
Result: IP. At home. In your apartment !!1!
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
later superseded by PPP (auto-configuration, authentication, compression, …)
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p>Popular software stack looked like:</p></div>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Windows 3.11 + Trumpet Winsock (Windows didn’t have TCP/IP!)
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
NCSA Mosaic as web-1.0 browser (1993 onwards)
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
|
||||
<img src="images/mosaic.jpg" alt="images/mosaic.jpg" />
|
||||
</span></p></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_internet_on_pcs_before_linux">Internet on PCs before Linux</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
if you didn’t have a 386 or if Linux didn’t exist yet
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
there was KA9Q NOS
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Implementation of TCP/IP, SLIP, PPP for CP/M and DOS
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
POP3 + SMTP server + client, IP routing, telnet, ARP, etc.
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
you could run SLIP on both sides, transporting IP over the modem line
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Result: IP. At home. In your apartment !!1!
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
@ -4670,7 +4883,7 @@ Grass-Roots groups of enthusiasts established themselves
|
|||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Kommunikationsnetz Franken e.V. (KNF, franken.de) one of them
|
||||
Kommunikationsnetz Franken e.V. (KNF, “franken.de”) one of them
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
|
@ -4739,7 +4952,7 @@ commercial ISPs were widespread, and
|
|||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
remaining IN member organizations could get decend connectivity with IN e.V.
|
||||
remaining IN member organizations could get decent connectivity with IN e.V.
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
@ -4779,7 +4992,7 @@ Telephone operator permanently interconnects wires at exchange
|
|||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
No signaling (dialtone/ringtone etc)
|
||||
No signaling (dial tone, ring tone etc)
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
|
@ -4833,6 +5046,14 @@ I finally could afford one in 1998
|
|||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_hub_nbg_franken_de_1998_2">hub-nbg.franken.de, 1998</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
|
||||
<img src="images/pict4_Lg.jpg" alt="images/pict4_Lg.jpg" />
|
||||
</span></p></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_isdn_leased_lines_spv">ISDN Leased Lines "SPV"</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
|
@ -4850,6 +5071,13 @@ Basically only "flat rate calls" to one specific (fixed) destination
|
|||
<span>
|
||||
Available in national 1TR6 only
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
some of them operated until 2006
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
@ -4903,9 +5131,17 @@ Special ISDN routers without signaling to use even 16k D-channel for data!
|
|||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_hub_fue_franken_de_undated_2">hub-fue.franken.de, undated</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
|
||||
<img src="images/hub-fue-04_Lg.jpg" alt="images/hub-fue-04_Lg.jpg" />
|
||||
</span></p></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_abusing_analog_lines_part_2">Abusing Analog Lines, Part 2</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p>When the first DSL modems became availale in the US</p></div>
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p>When the first DSL modems became available in the US</p></div>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
|
@ -4914,7 +5150,7 @@ we imported some Ascend DSLpipe
|
|||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
with some fimrwares, they could be used back-to-back (without DSLAM)
|
||||
with some firmwares, they could be used back-to-back (without DSLAM)
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
|
@ -4990,12 +5226,12 @@ people started to dial into CompuServe, AOL, etc.
|
|||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Internet became more popluar, Falken’s Maze started subsidiary in Nuernberg
|
||||
Internet became more popular, Falken’s Maze started subsidiary in Nuernberg
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
ISDN SPV was used as Intenret uplink
|
||||
ISDN SPV was used as Internet uplink
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
@ -5004,6 +5240,76 @@ ISDN SPV was used as Intenret uplink
|
|||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_summary">Summary</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
The first decade[s] of wide-area electronics communications
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
were powered by a community of enthusiasts
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
largely motivated by non-commercial motives
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
without much corporate or government influence
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
BBS community / culture is a distinct sub-culture.
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
different norms than HAM radio, Hackers, Free Software, but some of overlap
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_conclusions">Conclusions</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p>In the BBS days</p></div>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
networks were distributed, without single point of failure
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
infrastructure <strong>owned and operated by its users</strong>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
connection speeds were largely symmetric
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
no data center vs. consumer separation with asymmetric speeds
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p>This autonomy and de-centralization has been lost in the Internet age</p></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_further_reading">Further Reading</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
|
@ -5045,6 +5351,18 @@ Archive of ANSI Artwork
|
|||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
<a href="https://artpacks.org/">https://artpacks.org/</a>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Another Archive of ANSI Artwork
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.filegate.net/nodelist/">http://www.filegate.net/nodelist/</a>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
|
@ -5055,13 +5373,62 @@ FIDO nodelist of 2017
|
|||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
<a href="http://www.ka9q.net/code/ka9qnos/">http://www.ka9q.net/code/ka9qnos/</a>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Phil Karn’s page on KA9Q NOS
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_thanks">Thanks</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<ul class="">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
my uncle for giving me his old Olivetti acoustic coupler in 1990
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Josef Groll, SysOp of SILVER.zer / SILVER.nbg.sub.org
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Max Riegel, Martin Bokaemper, Joerg Kinzebach and KNF crew
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
Reinhold "unhold" Pretscher for Falken’s Maze
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
All sotware developers of BBS related software
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<span>
|
||||
All SysOps that made the BBS community possible
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="sect1 slide">
|
||||
<h1 id="_eof">EOF</h1>
|
||||
<div class="sectionbody" style="max-width:45em">
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p>End of File</p></div>
|
||||
<div class="paragraph"><p>NO CARRIER</p></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
|
|
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Reference in New Issue