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Added libecho, the line-echo-canceler from spandsp

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master
Andreas Eversberg 2 months ago
parent d8a9f29153
commit 35ceaafd85
16 changed files with 2367 additions and 2 deletions
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3
.gitignore vendored
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@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ Makefile.in
*.la
*.pc
aclocal.m4
m4/*.m4
autom4te.cache
config.h*
config.sub
@ -41,4 +40,6 @@ tests/testsuite.log
# vi/vim files
*.sw?
src/libecho/libecho.a
src/osmo-v5-le
tests/answer_detect

2
Makefile.am
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4
AM_CPPFLAGS = $(all_includes)
SUBDIRS = src
SUBDIRS = src tests
dist-hook:
echo $(VERSION) > $(distdir)/.tarball-version

4
configure.ac
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@ -102,9 +102,13 @@ then
CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS $WERROR_FLAGS"
fi
AX_CHECK_X86_FEATURES()
AC_MSG_RESULT([CFLAGS="$CFLAGS"])
AC_MSG_RESULT([CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS"])
AC_OUTPUT(
src/libecho/Makefile
src/Makefile
tests/Makefile
Makefile)

13
m4/ax_check_x86_features.m4
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@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
AC_DEFUN([AX_CHECK_X86_FEATURES],
[m4_foreach_w(
[ax_x86_feature],
[mmx popcnt sse sse2 sse3 sse4.1 sse4.2 sse4a avx avx2 avx512f fma fma4 bmi bmi2],
[AX_GCC_X86_CPU_SUPPORTS(ax_x86_feature,
[X86_FEATURE_CFLAGS="$X86_FEATURE_CFLAGS -m[]ax_x86_feature"],
[])
])
AC_SUBST([X86_FEATURE_CFLAGS])
m4_ifval([$1],[$1],
[CFLAGS="$CFLAGS $X86_FEATURE_CFLAGS"])
$2
])

44
m4/ax_gcc_x86_cpu_supports.m4
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AC_DEFUN_ONCE([_AX_GCC_X86_CPU_INIT],
[AC_LANG_PUSH([C])
AC_CACHE_CHECK([for gcc __builtin_cpu_init function],
[ax_cv_gcc_check_x86_cpu_init],
[AC_RUN_IFELSE(
[AC_LANG_PROGRAM([#include <stdlib.h>],
[__builtin_cpu_init ();])
],
[ax_cv_gcc_check_x86_cpu_init=yes],
[ax_cv_gcc_check_x86_cpu_init=no])])
AC_LANG_POP([C])
AS_IF([test "X$ax_cv_gcc_check_x86_cpu_init" = "Xno"],
[AC_MSG_ERROR([Need GCC to support X86 CPU features tests])])
])
AC_DEFUN([AX_GCC_X86_CPU_SUPPORTS],
[AC_REQUIRE([AC_PROG_CC])
AC_REQUIRE([_AX_GCC_X86_CPU_INIT])
AC_LANG_PUSH([C])
AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([gcc_x86_feature], [AS_TR_SH([ax_cv_gcc_x86_cpu_supports_$1])])
AC_CACHE_CHECK([for x86 $1 instruction support],
[gcc_x86_feature],
[AC_RUN_IFELSE(
[AC_LANG_PROGRAM( [#include <stdlib.h> ],
[ __builtin_cpu_init ();
if (__builtin_cpu_supports("$1"))
return 0;
return 1;
])],
[gcc_x86_feature=yes],
[gcc_x86_feature=no]
)]
)
AC_LANG_POP([C])
AS_VAR_IF([gcc_x86_feature],[yes],
[AC_DEFINE(
AS_TR_CPP([HAVE_$1_INSTRUCTIONS]),
[1],
[Define if $1 instructions are supported])
$2],
[$3]
)
AS_VAR_POPDEF([gcc_x86_feature])
])

2
src/Makefile.am
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@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ AM_CFLAGS= -Wall -Wextra -g $(LIBOSMOCORE_CFLAGS) $(LIBOSMOGSM_CFLAGS) $(LIBOSMO
AM_LDFLAGS = $(COVERAGE_LDFLAGS)
COMMONLIBS = $(LIBOSMOCORE_LIBS) $(LIBOSMOGSM_LIBS) $(LIBOSMOVTY_LIBS) $(LIBOSMOABIS_LIBS) $(LIBOSMOCTRL_LIBS)
SUBDIRS = libecho
bin_PROGRAMS = osmo-v5-le
osmo_v5_le_SOURCES = logging.c \

7
src/libecho/Makefile.am
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@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
AM_CPPFLAGS = $(all_includes)
AM_CFLAGS= -Wall -Wextra -g
noinst_LIBRARIES = libecho.a
libecho_a_SOURCES = echo.c \
answertone.c

267
src/libecho/answertone.c
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@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
/* An answer tone detection algrotihm using Goertzel to detect level and phase
*
* The answer tone is described in ITU V.8 and is also used to disable echo
* suppression and cancelation in the network. The detection uses phase to
* detect frequencies that are too far off, as well a phase reversal, to
* distinguish the answer tone from other continuous tones.
*
* (C) 2023 by Andreas Eversberg <andreas@eversberg.eu>
* All Rights Reserved
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
* along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include "answertone.h"
#define ANS_FREQUENCY 2100.0
#define WINDOW_DURATION 0.010 /* 10 MS */
#define DETECT_DURATION 0.400 /* < 425 MS */
#define MIN_LEVEL 0.05 /* -26 dBm0 */
#define MAX_NOISE 0.5 /* -6 dB */
#define MAX_FREQUENCY 22 /* frequency error */
#define MIN_REVERSAL 2.967 /* about 10 degrees off 180 (PI) */
// #define DEBUG
// #define HEAVY_DEBUG
void goertzel_init(struct answer_tone *at, float frequency, float samplerate)
{
float omega;
omega = 2.0 * M_PI * frequency / samplerate;
at->sine = sin(omega);
at->cosine = cos(omega);
at->coeff = 2.0 * at->cosine;
}
/* with rectangular window, the frequency response is:
* if it matches the filter frequency: 0 dB
* if it is 0.5/duration off the filter frequency: about -4 dB
* if it is 1/duration off the filter frequency; -INF dB
* if it is 1.5/duration off the filter frequency: about -13.5 dB
*/
void goertzel_calculate(struct answer_tone *at, float *data, int length, float *level_p, float *magnitude_p, float *phase_p)
{
float q0 = 0, q1 = 0, q2 = 0;
float real, imag;
float scaling = (float)length / 2.0;
float upper = 0, lower = 0;
int i;
upper = lower = *data;
for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
if (*data > upper)
upper = *data;
else if (*data < lower)
lower = *data;
q0 = at->coeff * q1 - q2 + *data++;
q2 = q1;
q1 = q0;
}
real = (q1 * at->cosine - q2) / scaling;
imag = (q1 * at->sine) / scaling;
*level_p = (upper - lower) / 2.0;
*magnitude_p = sqrtf(real*real + imag*imag);
*phase_p = atan2(imag, real);
}
int answertone_init(struct answer_tone *at, int samplerate)
{
memset(at, 0, sizeof(*at));
/* use 10 ms as window size */
at->buffer_size = samplerate * WINDOW_DURATION;
at->buffer = calloc(at->buffer_size, sizeof(*at->buffer));
if (!at->buffer)
return -ENOMEM;
goertzel_init(at, ANS_FREQUENCY, samplerate);
return 0;
}
void answertone_reset(struct answer_tone *at)
{
at->state = AT_STATE_NONE;
}
void answertone_exit(struct answer_tone *at)
{
free(at->buffer);
}
enum at_fail answertone_check(struct answer_tone *at, float *phase_p, float *frequency_p)
{
float level, magnitude, last_phase, shift;
goertzel_calculate(at, at->buffer, at->buffer_size, &level, &magnitude, phase_p);
last_phase = at->last_phase;
at->last_phase = *phase_p;
shift = (*phase_p - last_phase);
if (shift > M_PI)
shift -= M_PI * 2.0;
else if (shift < -M_PI)
shift += M_PI * 2.0;
*frequency_p = shift / M_PI / 2.0 / WINDOW_DURATION;
#if HEAVY_DEBUG
printf("level=%6.3f magnitude=%6.3f snr=%6.3f phase=%9.3f frequency=%8.3f\n",
level, magnitude, magnitude/level, *phase_p / M_PI * 180, *frequency_p);
#endif
/* fails due to low level */
if (magnitude < MIN_LEVEL)
return AT_FAIL_MIN_LEVEL;
/* fails due to bad SNR */
if (1.0 - magnitude/level > MAX_NOISE)
return AT_FAIL_MAX_NOISE;
/* fails due to wrong frequency */
if (fabsf(*frequency_p) > MAX_FREQUENCY)
return AT_FAIL_MAX_FREQUENCY;
return AT_FAIL_NONE;
}
#if DEBUG
static const char *answertone_cause[] = {
"ok",
"level too low",
"too noisy",
"wrong frequency",
};
#endif
static enum at_state answertone_chunk(struct answer_tone *at)
{
float phase, frequency, shift;
enum at_fail fail;
int rc = 0;
fail = answertone_check(at, &phase, &frequency);
switch (at->state) {
case AT_STATE_NONE:
if (fail == AT_FAIL_NONE) {
#if DEBUG
printf("DETECTED TONE\n");
#endif
at->state = AT_STATE_DETECT;
at->tone_duration = WINDOW_DURATION;
/* count frequency values */
at->frequency_sum = 0.0;
at->count = 0;
}
break;
case AT_STATE_DETECT:
if (fail != AT_FAIL_NONE) {
#if DEBUG
printf("LOST TONE AFTER %.3f SECONDS (because %s)\n", at->tone_duration, cause[fail]);
#endif
at->state = AT_STATE_NONE;
break;
}
at->frequency_sum += frequency;
at->count++;
at->tone_duration += WINDOW_DURATION;
at->last2_valid_phase = at->last1_valid_phase;
at->last1_valid_phase = phase;
if (at->tone_duration >= DETECT_DURATION) {
#if DEBUG
printf("LONG TONE VALID WITH FREQUENCY OFFSET %.3f\n", at->frequency_sum / at->count);
#endif
at->state = AT_STATE_TONE;
}
break;
case AT_STATE_TONE:
if (fail != AT_FAIL_NONE) {
#if DEBUG
printf("LONG TONE CHANGED, CHECK PHASE REVERSAL\n");
#endif
at->last_valid_frequency = at->frequency_sum / at->count;
at->state = AT_STATE_PAUSE;
/* count pause chunks */
at->count = 1;
break;
}
at->frequency_sum += frequency;
at->count++;
at->tone_duration += WINDOW_DURATION;
at->last2_valid_phase = at->last1_valid_phase;
at->last1_valid_phase = phase;
break;
case AT_STATE_PAUSE:
/* three pause chunks: two may be invalid due to phase reversal, one extra to get valid frequency */
if (at->count++ < 3)
break;
/* phase change over 5 chunks */
shift = (phase - at->last2_valid_phase);
if (shift > M_PI)
shift -= M_PI * 2.0;
else if (shift < -M_PI)
shift += M_PI * 2.0;
/* substract phase change to be expected over 5 chunk */
shift -= at->last_valid_frequency * WINDOW_DURATION * 5.0 * M_PI * 2.0;
if (shift > M_PI)
shift -= M_PI * 2.0;
else if (shift < -M_PI)
shift += M_PI * 2.0;
/* if there is change of less than about 10 degrees off 180 */
if (fabsf(shift) > MIN_REVERSAL) {
#if DEBUG
printf("PHASE REVERSAL VALID (phase shift %.0f deg)\n", shift / M_PI * 180.0);
#endif
at->frequency_sum = 0.0;
at->count = 0;
at->state = AT_STATE_DETECT;
rc = 1;
} else {
#if DEBUG
printf("LOST TONE, NO VALID PHASE REVERSAL\n");
#endif
at->state = AT_STATE_NONE;
}
break;
}
return rc;
}
/* convert stream of int16_t (ISDN) stream into chunks of float (dBm0); return 1, if there was a valid answer tone */
int answertone_process(struct answer_tone *at, int16_t *data, int length)
{
int rc = 0;
while (length--) {
/* convert ISDN data to float with dBm level (1 dBm = -3 dB below full int16_t scale) */
at->buffer[at->buffer_pos++] = (float)(*data++) / 23170.0;
if (at->buffer_pos == at->buffer_size) {
rc |= answertone_chunk(at);
at->buffer_pos = 0;
}
}
return rc;
}

37
src/libecho/answertone.h
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@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
enum at_fail {
AT_FAIL_NONE = 0,
AT_FAIL_MIN_LEVEL,
AT_FAIL_MAX_NOISE,
AT_FAIL_MAX_FREQUENCY,
};
enum at_state {
AT_STATE_NONE = 0,
AT_STATE_DETECT,
AT_STATE_TONE,
AT_STATE_PAUSE,
};
struct answer_tone {
float sine;
float cosine;
float coeff;
float *buffer;
int buffer_size;
int buffer_pos;
float last_phase;
enum at_state state;
float tone_duration;
float frequency_sum;
int count;
float last1_valid_phase;
float last2_valid_phase;
float last_valid_frequency;
};
int answertone_init(struct answer_tone *at, int samplerate);
void answertone_reset(struct answer_tone *at);
void answertone_exit(struct answer_tone *at);
enum at_fail answertone_check(struct answer_tone *at, float *phase_p, float *frequency_p);
int answertone_process(struct answer_tone *at, int16_t *data, int length);

253
src/libecho/bit_operations.h
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/*
* SpanDSP - a series of DSP components for telephony
*
* bit_operations.h - Various bit level operations, such as bit reversal
*
* Written by Steve Underwood <steveu@coppice.org>
*
* Copyright (C) 2006 Steve Underwood
*
* All rights reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2, as
* published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
*
* $Id: bit_operations.h,v 1.11 2006/11/28 15:37:03 steveu Exp $
*/
/*! \file */
#if !defined(_BIT_OPERATIONS_H_)
#define _BIT_OPERATIONS_H_
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
/*! \brief Find the bit position of the highest set bit in a word
\param bits The word to be searched
\return The bit number of the highest set bit, or -1 if the word is zero. */
static __inline__ int top_bit(unsigned int bits)
{
int res;
__asm__ (" xorl %[res],%[res];\n"
" decl %[res];\n"
" bsrl %[bits],%[res]\n"
: [res] "=&r" (res)
: [bits] "rm" (bits));
return res;
}
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
/*! \brief Find the bit position of the lowest set bit in a word
\param bits The word to be searched
\return The bit number of the lowest set bit, or -1 if the word is zero. */
static __inline__ int bottom_bit(unsigned int bits)
{
int res;
__asm__ (" xorl %[res],%[res];\n"
" decl %[res];\n"
" bsfl %[bits],%[res]\n"
: [res] "=&r" (res)
: [bits] "rm" (bits));
return res;
}
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
#else
static __inline__ int top_bit(unsigned int bits)
{
int i;
if (bits == 0)
return -1;
i = 0;
if (bits & 0xFFFF0000)
{
bits &= 0xFFFF0000;
i += 16;
}
if (bits & 0xFF00FF00)
{
bits &= 0xFF00FF00;
i += 8;
}
if (bits & 0xF0F0F0F0)
{
bits &= 0xF0F0F0F0;
i += 4;
}
if (bits & 0xCCCCCCCC)
{
bits &= 0xCCCCCCCC;
i += 2;
}
if (bits & 0xAAAAAAAA)
{
bits &= 0xAAAAAAAA;
i += 1;
}
return i;
}
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
static __inline__ int bottom_bit(unsigned int bits)
{
int i;
if (bits == 0)
return -1;
i = 32;
if (bits & 0x0000FFFF)
{
bits &= 0x0000FFFF;
i -= 16;
}
if (bits & 0x00FF00FF)
{
bits &= 0x00FF00FF;
i -= 8;
}
if (bits & 0x0F0F0F0F)
{
bits &= 0x0F0F0F0F;
i -= 4;
}
if (bits & 0x33333333)
{
bits &= 0x33333333;
i -= 2;
}
if (bits & 0x55555555)
{
bits &= 0x55555555;
i -= 1;
}
return i;
}
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
#endif
/*! \brief Bit reverse a byte.
\param data The byte to be reversed.
\return The bit reversed version of data. */
static __inline__ uint8_t bit_reverse8(uint8_t x)
{
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
/* If multiply is fast */
return ((x*0x0802U & 0x22110U) | (x*0x8020U & 0x88440U))*0x10101U >> 16;
#else
/* If multiply is slow, but we have a barrel shifter */
x = (x >> 4) | (x << 4);
x = ((x & 0xCC) >> 2) | ((x & 0x33) << 2);
return ((x & 0xAA) >> 1) | ((x & 0x55) << 1);
#endif
}
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
/*! \brief Bit reverse a 16 bit word.
\param data The word to be reversed.
\return The bit reversed version of data. */
uint16_t bit_reverse16(uint16_t data);
/*! \brief Bit reverse a 32 bit word.
\param data The word to be reversed.
\return The bit reversed version of data. */
uint32_t bit_reverse32(uint32_t data);
/*! \brief Bit reverse each of the four bytes in a 32 bit word.
\param data The word to be reversed.
\return The bit reversed version of data. */
uint32_t bit_reverse_4bytes(uint32_t data);
/*! \brief Find the number of set bits in a 32 bit word.
\param x The word to be searched.
\return The number of set bits. */
int one_bits32(uint32_t x);
/*! \brief Create a mask as wide as the number in a 32 bit word.
\param x The word to be searched.
\return The mask. */
uint32_t make_mask32(uint32_t x);
/*! \brief Create a mask as wide as the number in a 16 bit word.
\param x The word to be searched.
\return The mask. */
uint16_t make_mask16(uint16_t x);
/*! \brief Find the least significant one in a word, and return a word
with just that bit set.
\param x The word to be searched.
\return The word with the single set bit. */
static __inline__ uint32_t least_significant_one32(uint32_t x)
{
return (x & (-(int32_t) x));
}
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
/*! \brief Find the most significant one in a word, and return a word
with just that bit set.
\param x The word to be searched.
\return The word with the single set bit. */
static __inline__ uint32_t most_significant_one32(uint32_t x)
{
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
return 1 << top_bit(x);
#else
x = make_mask32(x);
return (x ^ (x >> 1));
#endif
}
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
/*! \brief Find the parity of a byte.
\param x The byte to be checked.
\return 1 for odd, or 0 for even. */
static __inline__ int parity8(uint8_t x)
{
x = (x ^ (x >> 4)) & 0x0F;
return (0x6996 >> x) & 1;
}
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
/*! \brief Find the parity of a 16 bit word.
\param x The word to be checked.
\return 1 for odd, or 0 for even. */
static __inline__ int parity16(uint16_t x)
{
x ^= (x >> 8);
x = (x ^ (x >> 4)) & 0x0F;
return (0x6996 >> x) & 1;
}
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
/*! \brief Find the parity of a 32 bit word.
\param x The word to be checked.
\return 1 for odd, or 0 for even. */
static __inline__ int parity32(uint32_t x)
{
x ^= (x >> 16);
x ^= (x >> 8);
x = (x ^ (x >> 4)) & 0x0F;
return (0x6996 >> x) & 1;
}
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif
/*- End of file ------------------------------------------------------------*/

658
src/libecho/echo.c
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/*
* SpanDSP - a series of DSP components for telephony
*
* echo.c - A line echo canceller. This code is being developed
* against and partially complies with G168.
*
* Written by Steve Underwood <steveu@coppice.org>
* and David Rowe <david_at_rowetel_dot_com>
*
* Copyright (C) 2001, 2003 Steve Underwood, 2007 David Rowe
*
* Based on a bit from here, a bit from there, eye of toad, ear of
* bat, 15 years of failed attempts by David and a few fried brain
* cells.
*
* All rights reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2, as
* published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
*
* $Id: echo.c,v 1.20 2006/12/01 18:00:48 steveu Exp $
*/
/*! \file */
/* Implementation Notes
David Rowe
April 2007
This code started life as Steve's NLMS algorithm with a tap
rotation algorithm to handle divergence during double talk. I
added a Geigel Double Talk Detector (DTD) [2] and performed some
G168 tests. However I had trouble meeting the G168 requirements,
especially for double talk - there were always cases where my DTD
failed, for example where near end speech was under the 6dB
threshold required for declaring double talk.
So I tried a two path algorithm [1], which has so far given better
results. The original tap rotation/Geigel algorithm is available
in SVN http://svn.rowetel.com/software/oslec/tags/before_16bit.
It's probably possible to make it work if some one wants to put some
serious work into it.
At present no special treatment is provided for tones, which
generally cause NLMS algorithms to diverge. Initial runs of a
subset of the G168 tests for tones (e.g ./echo_test 6) show the
current algorithm is passing OK, which is kind of surprising. The
full set of tests needs to be performed to confirm this result.
One other interesting change is that I have managed to get the NLMS
code to work with 16 bit coefficients, rather than the original 32
bit coefficents. This reduces the MIPs and storage required.
I evaulated the 16 bit port using g168_tests.sh and listening tests
on 4 real-world samples.
I also attempted the implementation of a block based NLMS update
[2] but although this passes g168_tests.sh it didn't converge well
on the real-world samples. I have no idea why, perhaps a scaling
problem. The block based code is also available in SVN
http://svn.rowetel.com/software/oslec/tags/before_16bit. If this
code can be debugged, it will lead to further reduction in MIPS, as
the block update code maps nicely onto DSP instruction sets (it's a
dot product) compared to the current sample-by-sample update.
Steve also has some nice notes on echo cancellers in echo.h
References:
[1] Ochiai, Areseki, and Ogihara, "Echo Canceller with Two Echo
Path Models", IEEE Transactions on communications, COM-25,
No. 6, June
1977.
http://www.rowetel.com/images/echo/dual_path_paper.pdf
[2] The classic, very useful paper that tells you how to
actually build a real world echo canceller:
Messerschmitt, Hedberg, Cole, Haoui, Winship, "Digital Voice
Echo Canceller with a TMS320020,
http://www.rowetel.com/images/echo/spra129.pdf
[3] I have written a series of blog posts on this work, here is
Part 1: http://www.rowetel.com/blog/?p=18
[4] The source code http://svn.rowetel.com/software/oslec/
[5] A nice reference on LMS filters:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_mean_squares_filter
Credits:
Thanks to Steve Underwood, Jean-Marc Valin, and Ramakrishnan
Muthukrishnan for their suggestions and email discussions. Thanks
also to those people who collected echo samples for me such as
Mark, Pawel, and Pavel.
*/
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config.h>
#endif
#ifdef __KERNEL__
#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#define malloc(a) kmalloc((a), GFP_KERNEL)
#define free(a) kfree(a)
#else
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#endif
#include "bit_operations.h"
#include "echo.h"
#if !defined(NULL)
#define NULL (void *) 0
#endif
#if !defined(FALSE)
#define FALSE 0
#endif
#if !defined(TRUE)
#define TRUE (!FALSE)
#endif
#define MIN_TX_POWER_FOR_ADAPTION 64
#define MIN_RX_POWER_FOR_ADAPTION 64
#define DTD_HANGOVER 600 /* 600 samples, or 75ms */
#define DC_LOG2BETA 3 /* log2() of DC filter Beta */
/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------*\
FUNCTIONS
\*-----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* adapting coeffs using the traditional stochastic descent (N)LMS algorithm */
#ifdef __BLACKFIN_ASM__
static void __inline__ lms_adapt_bg(echo_can_state_t *ec, int clean, int shift)
{
int i, j;
int offset1;
int offset2;
int factor;
int exp;
int16_t *phist;
int n;
if (shift > 0)
factor = clean << shift;
else
factor = clean >> -shift;
/* Update the FIR taps */
offset2 = ec->curr_pos;
offset1 = ec->taps - offset2;
phist = &ec->fir_state_bg.history[offset2];
/* st: and en: help us locate the assembler in echo.s */
//asm("st:");
n = ec->taps;
for (i = 0, j = offset2; i < n; i++, j++)
{
exp = *phist++ * factor;
ec->fir_taps16[1][i] += (int16_t) ((exp+(1<<14)) >> 15);
}
//asm("en:");
/* Note the asm for the inner loop above generated by Blackfin gcc
4.1.1 is pretty good (note even parallel instructions used):
R0 = W [P0++] (X);
R0 *= R2;
R0 = R0 + R3 (NS) ||
R1 = W [P1] (X) ||
nop;
R0 >>>= 15;
R0 = R0 + R1;
W [P1++] = R0;
A block based update algorithm would be much faster but the
above can't be improved on much. Every instruction saved in
the loop above is 2 MIPs/ch! The for loop above is where the
Blackfin spends most of it's time - about 17 MIPs/ch measured
with speedtest.c with 256 taps (32ms). Write-back and
Write-through cache gave about the same performance.
*/
}
/*
IDEAS for further optimisation of lms_adapt_bg():
1/ The rounding is quite costly. Could we keep as 32 bit coeffs
then make filter pluck the MS 16-bits of the coeffs when filtering?
However this would lower potential optimisation of filter, as I
think the dual-MAC architecture requires packed 16 bit coeffs.
2/ Block based update would be more efficient, as per comments above,
could use dual MAC architecture.
3/ Look for same sample Blackfin LMS code, see if we can get dual-MAC
packing.
4/ Execute the whole e/c in a block of say 20ms rather than sample
by sample. Processing a few samples every ms is inefficient.
*/
#else
static __inline__ void lms_adapt_bg(echo_can_state_t *ec, int clean, int shift)
{
int i;
int offset1;
int offset2;
int factor;
int exp;
if (shift > 0)
factor = clean << shift;
else
factor = clean >> -shift;
/* Update the FIR taps */
offset2 = ec->curr_pos;
offset1 = ec->taps - offset2;
for (i = ec->taps - 1; i >= offset1; i--)
{
exp = (ec->fir_state_bg.history[i - offset1]*factor);
ec->fir_taps16[1][i] += (int16_t) ((exp+(1<<14)) >> 15);
}
for ( ; i >= 0; i--)
{
exp = (ec->fir_state_bg.history[i + offset2]*factor);
ec->fir_taps16[1][i] += (int16_t) ((exp+(1<<14)) >> 15);
}
}
#endif
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
echo_can_state_t *echo_can_create(int len, int adaption_mode)
{
echo_can_state_t *ec;
int i;
int j;
ec = (echo_can_state_t *) malloc(sizeof(*ec));
if (ec == NULL)
return NULL;
memset(ec, 0, sizeof(*ec));
ec->taps = len;
ec->log2taps = top_bit(len);
ec->curr_pos = ec->taps - 1;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
{
if ((ec->fir_taps16[i] = (int16_t *) malloc((ec->taps)*sizeof(int16_t))) == NULL)
{
for (j = 0; j < i; j++)
free(ec->fir_taps16[j]);
free(ec);
return NULL;
}
memset(ec->fir_taps16[i], 0, (ec->taps)*sizeof(int16_t));
}
fir16_create(&ec->fir_state,
ec->fir_taps16[0],
ec->taps);
fir16_create(&ec->fir_state_bg,
ec->fir_taps16[1],
ec->taps);
for(i=0; i<5; i++) {
ec->xvtx[i] = ec->yvtx[i] = ec->xvrx[i] = ec->yvrx[i] = 0;
}
ec->cng_level = 1000;
echo_can_adaption_mode(ec, adaption_mode);
ec->snapshot = (int16_t*)malloc(ec->taps*sizeof(int16_t));
memset(ec->snapshot, 0, sizeof(int16_t)*ec->taps);
ec->cond_met = 0;
ec->Pstates = 0;
ec->Ltxacc = ec->Lrxacc = ec->Lcleanacc = ec->Lclean_bgacc = 0;
ec->Ltx = ec->Lrx = ec->Lclean = ec->Lclean_bg = 0;
ec->tx_1 = ec->tx_2 = ec->rx_1 = ec->rx_2 = 0;
ec->Lbgn = ec->Lbgn_acc = 0;
ec->Lbgn_upper = 200;
ec->Lbgn_upper_acc = ec->Lbgn_upper << 13;
return ec;
}
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
void echo_can_free(echo_can_state_t *ec)
{
int i;
fir16_free(&ec->fir_state);
fir16_free(&ec->fir_state_bg);
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
free(ec->fir_taps16[i]);
free(ec->snapshot);
free(ec);
}
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
void echo_can_adaption_mode(echo_can_state_t *ec, int adaption_mode)
{
ec->adaption_mode = adaption_mode;
}
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
void echo_can_flush(echo_can_state_t *ec)
{
int i;
ec->Ltxacc = ec->Lrxacc = ec->Lcleanacc = ec->Lclean_bgacc = 0;
ec->Ltx = ec->Lrx = ec->Lclean = ec->Lclean_bg = 0;
ec->tx_1 = ec->tx_2 = ec->rx_1 = ec->rx_2 = 0;
ec->Lbgn = ec->Lbgn_acc = 0;
ec->Lbgn_upper = 200;
ec->Lbgn_upper_acc = ec->Lbgn_upper << 13;
ec->nonupdate_dwell = 0;
fir16_flush(&ec->fir_state);
fir16_flush(&ec->fir_state_bg);
ec->fir_state.curr_pos = ec->taps - 1;
ec->fir_state_bg.curr_pos = ec->taps - 1;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
memset(ec->fir_taps16[i], 0, ec->taps*sizeof(int16_t));
ec->curr_pos = ec->taps - 1;
ec->Pstates = 0;
}
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
void echo_can_snapshot(echo_can_state_t *ec) {
memcpy(ec->snapshot, ec->fir_taps16[0], ec->taps*sizeof(int16_t));
}
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Dual Path Echo Canceller ------------------------------------------------*/
int16_t echo_can_update(echo_can_state_t *ec, int16_t tx, int16_t rx)
{
int32_t echo_value;
int clean_bg;
int tmp, tmp1;
/* Input scaling was found be required to prevent problems when tx
starts clipping. Another possible way to handle this would be the
filter coefficent scaling. */
ec->tx = tx; ec->rx = rx;
tx >>=1;
rx >>=1;
/*
Filter DC, 3dB point is 160Hz (I think), note 32 bit precision required
otherwise values do not track down to 0. Zero at DC, Pole at (1-Beta)
only real axis. Some chip sets (like Si labs) don't need
this, but something like a $10 X100P card does. Any DC really slows
down convergence.
Note: removes some low frequency from the signal, this reduces
the speech quality when listening to samples through headphones
but may not be obvious through a telephone handset.
Note that the 3dB frequency in radians is approx Beta, e.g. for
Beta = 2^(-3) = 0.125, 3dB freq is 0.125 rads = 159Hz.
*/
if (ec->adaption_mode & ECHO_CAN_USE_RX_HPF) {
tmp = rx << 15;
#if 1
/* Make sure the gain of the HPF is 1.0. This can still saturate a little under
impulse conditions, and it might roll to 32768 and need clipping on sustained peak
level signals. However, the scale of such clipping is small, and the error due to
any saturation should not markedly affect the downstream processing. */
tmp -= (tmp >> 4);
#endif
ec->rx_1 += -(ec->rx_1>>DC_LOG2BETA) + tmp - ec->rx_2;
/* hard limit filter to prevent clipping. Note that at this stage
rx should be limited to +/- 16383 due to right shift above */
tmp1 = ec->rx_1 >> 15;
if (tmp1 > 16383) tmp1 = 16383;
if (tmp1 < -16383) tmp1 = -16383;
rx = tmp1;
ec->rx_2 = tmp;
}
/* Block average of power in the filter states. Used for
adaption power calculation. */
{
int new, old;
/* efficient "out with the old and in with the new" algorithm so
we don't have to recalculate over the whole block of
samples. */
new = (int)tx * (int)tx;
old = (int)ec->fir_state.history[ec->fir_state.curr_pos] *
(int)ec->fir_state.history[ec->fir_state.curr_pos];
ec->Pstates += ((new - old) + (1<<(ec->log2taps-1))) >> ec->log2taps;
if (ec->Pstates < 0) ec->Pstates = 0;
}
/* Calculate short term average levels using simple single pole IIRs */
ec->Ltxacc += abs(tx) - ec->Ltx;
ec->Ltx = (ec->Ltxacc + (1<<4)) >> 5;
ec->Lrxacc += abs(rx) - ec->Lrx;
ec->Lrx = (ec->Lrxacc + (1<<4)) >> 5;
/* Foreground filter ---------------------------------------------------*/
ec->fir_state.coeffs = ec->fir_taps16[0];
echo_value = fir16(&ec->fir_state, tx);
ec->clean = rx - echo_value;
ec->Lcleanacc += abs(ec->clean) - ec->Lclean;
ec->Lclean = (ec->Lcleanacc + (1<<4)) >> 5;
/* Background filter ---------------------------------------------------*/
echo_value = fir16(&ec->fir_state_bg, tx);
clean_bg = rx - echo_value;
ec->Lclean_bgacc += abs(clean_bg) - ec->Lclean_bg;
ec->Lclean_bg = (ec->Lclean_bgacc + (1<<4)) >> 5;
/* Background Filter adaption -----------------------------------------*/
/* Almost always adap bg filter, just simple DT and energy
detection to minimise adaption in cases of strong double talk.
However this is not critical for the dual path algorithm.
*/
ec->factor = 0;
ec->shift = 0;
if ((ec->nonupdate_dwell == 0)) {
int P, logP, shift;
/* Determine:
f = Beta * clean_bg_rx/P ------ (1)
where P is the total power in the filter states.
The Boffins have shown that if we obey (1) we converge
quickly and avoid instability.
The correct factor f must be in Q30, as this is the fixed
point format required by the lms_adapt_bg() function,
therefore the scaled version of (1) is:
(2^30) * f = (2^30) * Beta * clean_bg_rx/P
factor = (2^30) * Beta * clean_bg_rx/P ----- (2)
We have chosen Beta = 0.25 by experiment, so:
factor = (2^30) * (2^-2) * clean_bg_rx/P
(30 - 2 - log2(P))
factor = clean_bg_rx 2 ----- (3)
To avoid a divide we approximate log2(P) as top_bit(P),
which returns the position of the highest non-zero bit in
P. This approximation introduces an error as large as a
factor of 2, but the algorithm seems to handle it OK.
Come to think of it a divide may not be a big deal on a
modern DSP, so its probably worth checking out the cycles
for a divide versus a top_bit() implementation.
*/
P = MIN_TX_POWER_FOR_ADAPTION + ec->Pstates;
logP = top_bit(P) + ec->log2taps;
shift = 30 - 2 - logP;
ec->shift = shift;
lms_adapt_bg(ec, clean_bg, shift);
}
/* very simple DTD to make sure we dont try and adapt with strong
near end speech */
ec->adapt = 0;
if ((ec->Lrx > MIN_RX_POWER_FOR_ADAPTION) && (ec->Lrx > ec->Ltx))
ec->nonupdate_dwell = DTD_HANGOVER;
if (ec->nonupdate_dwell)
ec->nonupdate_dwell--;
/* Transfer logic ------------------------------------------------------*/
/* These conditions are from the dual path paper [1], I messed with
them a bit to improve performance. */
if ((ec->adaption_mode & ECHO_CAN_USE_ADAPTION) &&
(ec->nonupdate_dwell == 0) &&
(8*ec->Lclean_bg < 7*ec->Lclean) /* (ec->Lclean_bg < 0.875*ec->Lclean) */ &&
(8*ec->Lclean_bg < ec->Ltx) /* (ec->Lclean_bg < 0.125*ec->Ltx) */ )
{
if (ec->cond_met == 6) {
/* BG filter has had better results for 6 consecutive samples */
ec->adapt = 1;
memcpy(ec->fir_taps16[0], ec->fir_taps16[1], ec->taps*sizeof(int16_t));
}
else
ec->cond_met++;
}
else
ec->cond_met = 0;
/* Non-Linear Processing ---------------------------------------------------*/
ec->clean_nlp = ec->clean;
if (ec->adaption_mode & ECHO_CAN_USE_NLP)
{
/* Non-linear processor - a fancy way to say "zap small signals, to avoid
residual echo due to (uLaw/ALaw) non-linearity in the channel.". */
if ((16*ec->Lclean < ec->Ltx))
{
/* Our e/c has improved echo by at least 24 dB (each factor of 2 is 6dB,
so 2*2*2*2=16 is the same as 6+6+6+6=24dB) */
if (ec->adaption_mode & ECHO_CAN_USE_CNG)
{
ec->cng_level = ec->Lbgn;
/* Very elementary comfort noise generation. Just random
numbers rolled off very vaguely Hoth-like. DR: This
noise doesn't sound quite right to me - I suspect there
are some overlfow issues in the filtering as it's too
"crackly". TODO: debug this, maybe just play noise at
high level or look at spectrum.
*/
ec->cng_rndnum = 1664525U*ec->cng_rndnum + 1013904223U;
ec->cng_filter = ((ec->cng_rndnum & 0xFFFF) - 32768 + 5*ec->cng_filter) >> 3;
ec->clean_nlp = (ec->cng_filter*ec->cng_level*8) >> 14;
}
else if (ec->adaption_mode & ECHO_CAN_USE_CLIP)
{
/* This sounds much better than CNG */
if (ec->clean_nlp > ec->Lbgn)
ec->clean_nlp = ec->Lbgn;
if (ec->clean_nlp < -ec->Lbgn)
ec->clean_nlp = -ec->Lbgn;
}
else
{
/* just mute the residual, doesn't sound very good, used mainly
in G168 tests */
ec->clean_nlp = 0;
}
}
else {
/* Background noise estimator. I tried a few algorithms
here without much luck. This very simple one seems to
work best, we just average the level using a slow (1 sec
time const) filter if the current level is less than a
(experimentally derived) constant. This means we dont
include high level signals like near end speech. When
combined with CNG or especially CLIP seems to work OK.
*/
if (ec->Lclean < 40) {
ec->Lbgn_acc += abs(ec->clean) - ec->Lbgn;
ec->Lbgn = (ec->Lbgn_acc + (1<<11)) >> 12;
}
}
}
/* Roll around the taps buffer */
if (ec->curr_pos <= 0)
ec->curr_pos = ec->taps;
ec->curr_pos--;
if (ec->adaption_mode & ECHO_CAN_DISABLE)
ec->clean_nlp = rx;
/* Output scaled back up again to match input scaling */
return (int16_t) ec->clean_nlp << 1;
}
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
/* This function is seperated from the echo canceller is it is usually called
as part of the tx process. See rx HP (DC blocking) filter above, it's
the same design.
Some soft phones send speech signals with a lot of low frequency
energy, e.g. down to 20Hz. This can make the hybrid non-linear
which causes the echo canceller to fall over. This filter can help
by removing any low frequency before it gets to the tx port of the
hybrid.
It can also help by removing and DC in the tx signal. DC is bad
for LMS algorithms.
This is one of the classic DC removal filters, adjusted to provide sufficient
bass rolloff to meet the above requirement to protect hybrids from things that
upset them. The difference between successive samples produces a lousy HPF, and
then a suitably placed pole flattens things out. The final result is a nicely
rolled off bass end. The filtering is implemented with extended fractional
precision, which noise shapes things, giving very clean DC removal.
*/
int16_t echo_can_hpf_tx(echo_can_state_t *ec, int16_t tx) {
int tmp, tmp1;
if (ec->adaption_mode & ECHO_CAN_USE_TX_HPF) {
tmp = tx << 15;
#if 1
/* Make sure the gain of the HPF is 1.0. The first can still saturate a little under
impulse conditions, and it might roll to 32768 and need clipping on sustained peak
level signals. However, the scale of such clipping is small, and the error due to
any saturation should not markedly affect the downstream processing. */
tmp -= (tmp >> 4);
#endif
ec->tx_1 += -(ec->tx_1>>DC_LOG2BETA) + tmp - ec->tx_2;
tmp1 = ec->tx_1 >> 15;
if (tmp1 > 32767) tmp1 = 32767;
if (tmp1 < -32767) tmp1 = -32767;
tx = tmp1;
ec->tx_2 = tmp;
}
return tx;
}
/*- End of function --------------------------------------------------------*/
/*- End of file ------------------------------------------------------------*/

230
src/libecho/echo.h
Unescape View File

@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
/*
* SpanDSP - a series of DSP components for telephony
*
* echo.c - A line echo canceller. This code is being developed
* against and partially complies with G168.
*
* Written by Steve Underwood <steveu@coppice.org>
* and David Rowe <david_at_rowetel_dot_com>
*
* Copyright (C) 2001 Steve Underwood and 2007 David Rowe
*
* All rights reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2, as
* published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
*
* $Id: echo.h,v 1.9 2006/10/24 13:45:28 steveu Exp $
*/
/*! \file */
#if !defined(_ECHO_H_)
#define _ECHO_H_
/*! \page echo_can_page Line echo cancellation for voice
\section echo_can_page_sec_1 What does it do?
This module aims to provide G.168-2002 compliant echo cancellation, to remove
electrical echoes (e.g. from 2-4 wire hybrids) from voice calls.
\section echo_can_page_sec_2 How does it work?
The heart of the echo cancellor is FIR filter. This is adapted to match the echo
impulse response of the telephone line. It must be long enough to adequately cover
the duration of that impulse response. The signal transmitted to the telephone line
is passed through the FIR filter. Once the FIR is properly adapted, the resulting
output is an estimate of the echo signal received from the line. This is subtracted
from the received signal. The result is an estimate of the signal which originated
at the far end of the line, free from echos of our own transmitted signal.
The least mean squares (LMS) algorithm is attributed to Widrow and Hoff, and was
introduced in 1960. It is the commonest form of filter adaption used in things
like modem line equalisers and line echo cancellers. There it works very well.
However, it only works well for signals of constant amplitude. It works very poorly
for things like speech echo cancellation, where the signal level varies widely.
This is quite easy to fix. If the signal level is normalised - similar to applying
AGC - LMS can work as well for a signal of varying amplitude as it does for a modem
signal. This normalised least mean squares (NLMS) algorithm is the commonest one used
for speech echo cancellation. Many other algorithms exist - e.g. RLS (essentially
the same as Kalman filtering), FAP, etc. Some perform significantly better than NLMS.
However, factors such as computational complexity and patents favour the use of NLMS.
A simple refinement to NLMS can improve its performance with speech. NLMS tends
to adapt best to the strongest parts of a signal. If the signal is white noise,
the NLMS algorithm works very well. However, speech has more low frequency than
high frequency content. Pre-whitening (i.e. filtering the signal to flatten
its spectrum) the echo signal improves the adapt rate for speech, and ensures the
final residual signal is not heavily biased towards high frequencies. A very low
complexity filter is adequate for this, so pre-whitening adds little to the
compute requirements of the echo canceller.
An FIR filter adapted using pre-whitened NLMS performs well, provided certain
conditions are met:
- The transmitted signal has poor self-correlation.
- There is no signal being generated within the environment being cancelled.
The difficulty is that neither of these can be guaranteed.
If the adaption is performed while transmitting noise (or something fairly noise
like, such as voice) the adaption works very well. If the adaption is performed
while transmitting something highly correlative (typically narrow band energy
such as signalling tones or DTMF), the adaption can go seriously wrong. The reason
is there is only one solution for the adaption on a near random signal - the impulse
response of the line. For a repetitive signal, there are any number of solutions
which converge the adaption, and nothing guides the adaption to choose the generalised
one. Allowing an untrained canceller to converge on this kind of narrowband
energy probably a good thing, since at least it cancels the tones. Allowing a well
converged canceller to continue converging on such energy is just a way to ruin
its generalised adaption. A narrowband detector is needed, so adapation can be
suspended at appropriate times.
The adaption process is based on trying to eliminate the received signal. When
there is any signal from within the environment being cancelled it may upset the
adaption process. Similarly, if the signal we are transmitting is small, noise
may dominate and disturb the adaption process. If we can ensure that the
adaption is only performed when we are transmitting a significant signal level,
and the environment is not, things will be OK. Clearly, it is easy to tell when
we are sending a significant signal. Telling, if the environment is generating a
significant signal, and doing it with sufficient speed that the adaption will
not have diverged too much more we stop it, is a littl