EXTCAP: DEVELOPER GUIDE
=======================

The extcap interface is a versatile plugin interface that allows external binaries
to act as capture interfaces directly in wireshark. It is used in scenarios, where
the source of the capture is not a traditional capture model (live capture from an
interface, from a pipe, from a file, etc). The typical example is connecting esoteric
hardware of some kind to the main wireshark app.

Without extcap, a capture can always be achieved by directly writing to a capture file:

the-esoteric-binary --the-strange-flag --interface=stream1 --file dumpfile.pcap &
wireshark dumpfile.pcap

but the extcap interface allows for such a connection to be easily established and
configured using the wireshark GUI.

The extcap subsystem is made of multiple extcap binaries that are automatically
called by the GUI in a row. In the following chapters we will refer to them as
"the extcaps".

Extcaps may be any binary or script within the extcap directory. Please note, that
scripts need to be executable without prefacing a script interpreter before the call.

WINDOWS USER: Because of restrictions directly calling the script may not always work.
In such a case, a batch file may be provided, which then in turn executes the script.
Please refer to doc/extcap_example.py for more information.

THE CAPTURE PROCESS
===================
The actual capture is run after a setup process that can be made manually by the
user or automatically by the GUI. All the steps performed are done for every extcap.

Let's go through those steps.

STEP1: the extcap is queried for its interfaces.

extcapbin --extcap-interfaces

This call must print the existing interfaces for this extcap and must return 0.
The output must conform to the grammar specified for extcap, and it is specified
in the doc/extcap.4 generated man page (in the build dir).

Since Wireshark 2.9 this call is extended with --extcap-version x.x, which will
allways represent the calling wireshark's version information. This can be used
to change behavior depending on the wireshark version in question

Example:

$ extcapbin --extcap-interfaces --extcap-version 3.0
extcap {version=1.0}{help=Some help url}
interface {value=example1}{display=Example interface 1 for extcap}
interface {value=example2}{display=Example interface 2 for extcap}

The version for the extcap sentence (which may exist as often as wanted, but only
the last one will be used) will be used for displaying the version information of
the extcap interface in the about dialog of Wireshark (Qt only).

The value for each interface will be used in subsequent calls as the interface name
IFACE.

Using the help argument, an interface may provide a generic help url for the extcap
utility.

STEP2: the extcap is queried for valid DLTs (Data Link Types) for all the
interfaces returned by the step 1.

extcapbin --extcap-dlts --extcap-interface IFACE

This call must print the valid DLTs for the interface specified. This call is
made for all the interfaces and must return 0.

Example:

$ extcapbin --extcap-interface IFACE --extcap-dlts
dlt {number=147}{name=USER1}{display=Demo Implementation for Extcap}

A binary or script, which neither provides an interface list or a DLT list will
not show up in the extcap interfaces list.


STEP3: the extcap is queried for the configuration options for an interface.

extcapbin --extcap-interface IFACE --extcap-config

Each interface can have custom options that are valid for this interface only.
Those config options are specified on the command line when running the actual
capture. To allow an end-user to specify certain options, such options may be
provided using the extcap config argument.

To share which options are available for an interface, the extcap responds to
the command --extcap-config, that shows all the available options (aka additional command
line options).

Those options are automatically presented via a dialog to the user for the individual
interface.

Example:

$ extcapbin --extcap-interface IFACE --extcap-config
arg {number=0}{call=--delay}{display=Time delay}{tooltip=Time delay between packages}{type=integer}{range=1,15}{required=true}
arg {number=1}{call=--message}{display=Message}{tooltip=Package message content}{placeholder=Please enter a message here ...}{type=string}
arg {number=2}{call=--verify}{display=Verify}{tooltip=Verify package content}{type=boolflag}
arg {number=3}{call=--remote}{display=Remote Channel}{tooltip=Remote Channel Selector}{type=selector}
arg {number=4}{call=--server}{display=IP address for log server}{type=string}{validation=\\b(?:(?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\\.){3}(?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\\b}
value {arg=3}{value=if1}{display=Remote1}{default=true}
value {arg=3}{value=if2}{display=Remote2}{default=false}

Now the user can click on the options and change them. They are sent to the
extcap when the capture is launched.

There are two kind of options available:

* file, integer, string, boolean, boolflag - are value based options and each expect
  a single value via the command-line call
* selector, checkbox - are selections and can be presented multiple times in the command
  line. Both expect subsequent "value" items in the config list, with the corresponding
  argument selected via arg


STEP4: the capture. Once the interfaces are listed and configuration is customized
by the user, the capture is run.

extcapbin --extcap-interface IFACE [params] --capture [--extcap-capture-filter CFILTER]
  --fifo FIFO

To run the capture, the extcap must implement the --capture, --extcap-capture-filter
and --fifo option.
They are automatically added by wireshark that opens the fifo for reading. All
the other options are automatically added to run the capture. The extcap interface
is used like all other interfaces (meaning that capture on multiple interfaces, as
well as stopping and restarting the capture is supported).


ARGUMENTS
==========
The extcap interface provides the possibility for generating a GUI dialog to
set and adapt settings for the extcap binary.

All options must provide a number, by which they are identified. No NUMBER may be
provided twice. Also all options must present the elements CALL and DISPLAY, where
call provides the arguments name on the command-line and display the name in the GUI.

Additionally TOOLTIP and PLACEHOLDER may be provided, which will give the user an
explanation within the GUI, about what to enter into this field.

These options do have types, for which the following types are being supported:

 * INTEGER, UNSIGNED, LONG, DOUBLE - this provides a field for entering a numeric value
   of the given data type. A DEFAULT value may be provided, as well as a RANGE

   arg {number=0}{call=--delay}{display=Time delay}{tooltip=Time delay between packages}
   {type=integer}{range=1,15}{default=0}

 * STRING - Let the user provide a string to the capture

   arg {number=1}{call=--server}{display=IP Address}{tooltip=IP Address for log server}{type=string}{validation=\\b(?:(?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\\.){3}(?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\\b}

   - validation allows to provide a regular expression string, which is used to check
     the user input for validity beyond normal data type or range checks. Back-slashes
     must be escaped (as in \\b for \b)

 * PASSWORD - Let the user provide a masked string to the capture. Password strings are
   not saved, when the extcap configuration is being saved

   arg {number=0}{call=--password}{display=The user password}{tooltip=The password for the connection}{type=password}

 * BOOLEAN,BOOLFLAG - this provides the possibility to set a true/false value.
   BOOLFLAG values will only appear in the command-line if set to true, otherwise they
   will not be added to the command-line call for the extcap interface

   arg {number=2}{call=--verify}{display=Verify}{tooltip=Verify package content}{type=boolflag}

 * FILESELECT - Let the user provide a filepath to the capture. If MUSTEXIST is
   being provided, the GUI checks if the file exists.

   arg {number=3}{call=--logfile}{display=Logfile}{tooltip=A file for log messages}{type=fileselect}{mustexist=false}

 * SELECTOR, RADIO, MULTICHECK - an optionfield, where the user may choose one or
   more options from. If PARENT is provided for the value items, the option fields
   for MULTICHECK and SELECTOR are being presented in a tree-like structure. SELECTOR
   and RADIO values must present a default value, which will be the value provided to
   the extcap binary for this argument

   arg {number=3}{call=--remote}{display=Remote Channel}{tooltip=Remote Channel Selector}{type=selector}
   value {arg=3}{value=if1}{display=Remote1}{default=true}
   value {arg=3}{value=if2}{display=Remote2}{default=false}

   RELOAD A SELECTOR - a selector may be reloaded from the configuration dialog of the
   extcap application within wireshark. With the reload argument (defaults to false), the
   entry can be marked as reloadable.

   arg {number=3}{call=--remote}{display=Remote Channel}{tooltip=Remote Channel Selector}{type=selector}{reload=true}{placeholder=Load interfaces...}

   After this has been defined, the user will get a button displayed in the configuration
   dialog for this extcap application, with the text "Load interfaces..." in this case, and
   a generic "Reload" text if no text has been provided.

   The extcap utility is then called again with all filled out arguments and the additional
   parameter "--extcap-reload-option <option_name>". It is expected to return a value section
   for this option, as it would during normal configuration. The provided option list is
   then presented as the selection, a previous selected option will be reselected if applicable.

VALIDATION OF ARGUMENTS
=======================
Arguments may be set with "{required=true}" which enforces a value being provided, before
a capture can be started using the extcap options dialog. This is not being checked, if
the extcap is started via a simple double-click. The necessary fields are marked for the
customer, to ensure a visibility for the end customer of the required argument.

Additionally text and number arguments may also be checked using a regular expression,
which is provided using the validation attribute (see example above). The syntax for
such a check is the same as for Qt RegExp classes. This feature is only active in the
Qt version of Wireshark.


TOOLBAR CONTROLS
================
An extcap utility can provide configuration for controls to use in an interface toolbar.
This controls are bidirectional and can be used to control the extcap utility while
capturing.

This is useful in scenarios where configuration can be done based on findings in the
capture process, setting temporary values or give other inputs without restarting the
current capture.

Example:

$ extcapbin --extcap-interfaces
extcap {version=1.0}{display=Example extcap interface}
interface {value=example1}{display=Example interface 1 for extcap}
interface {value=example2}{display=Example interface 2 for extcap}
control {number=0}{type=string}{display=Message}{tooltip=Package message content. Must start with a capital letter.}{validation=[A-Z]+}{required=true}
control {number=1}{type=selector}{display=Time delay}{tooltip=Time delay between packages}
control {number=2}{type=boolean}{display=Verify}{default=true}{tooltip=Verify package content}
control {number=3}{type=button}{display=Turn on}{tooltip=Turn on or off}
control {number=4}{type=button}{role=logger}{display=Log}{tooltip=Show capture log}
value {control=1}{value=1}{display=1 sec}
value {control=1}{value=2}{display=2 sec}{default=true}

All controls will be presented as GUI elements in a toolbar specific to the extcap
utility.  The extcap must not rely on using those controls (they are optional) because
of other capturing tools not using GUI (e.g. tshark, tfshark).


CONTROLS
========
The controls are similar to the ARGUMENTS, but without the CALL element.  All controls
may be given a default value at startup and most can be changed during capture, both
by the extcap and the user (depending on the type of control).

All controls must provide a NUMBER, by which they are identified. No NUMBER may be
provided twice. Also all options must present the elements TYPE and DISPLAY, where
TYPE provides the type of control to add to the toolbar and DISPLAY the name in the GUI.

Additionally TOOLTIP and PLACEHOLDER may be provided, which will give the user an
explanation within the GUI.

All controls, except from the logger, help and restore buttons, may be disabled
(and enabled) in GUI by the extcap during capture. This can be because of set-once
operations, or operations which takes some time to complete.

All control values which are changed by the user (not equal to the default value) will
be sent to the extcap utility when starting a capture.  The extcap utility may choose
to discard initial values and set new values, depending on implementation.

This TYPEs are defined as controls:

 * BOOLEAN - This provides a checkbox with the possibility to set a true/false value.

   The extcap utility can set a default value at startup, and can change (set) and receive
   value changes while capturing. When starting a capture the GUI will send the value if
   different from the default value.

   The payload is one byte with binary value 0 or 1.

   Valid Commands: Set value, Enable, Disable.

 * BUTTON - This provides a button with different ROLEs:

  ** CONTROL - This button will send a signal when pressed.
     This is the default if no role is configured.
     The button is only enabled when capturing.

     The extcap utility can set the button text at startup, and can change (set) the
     button text and receive button press signals while capturing.  The button is
     disabled and the button text is restored to the default text when not capturing.

     The payload is either the button text or empty (signal).

     Valid Commands: Set value, Enable, Disable.

  ** LOGGER - This provides a logger mechanism where the extcap utility can send log
     entries to be presented in a log window. This communication is unidirectional.

     The payload is the log entry, and should be ended with a newline.
     Maximum length is 65535 bytes.

     Valid Commands: Set log entry, Add log entry.

     The Set command will clear the log before adding the entry.

  ** HELP - This button opens the help page, if configured.
     This role has no controls and will not be used in communication.

     Valid Commands: NONE.

  ** RESTORE - This button will restore all control values to default.
     This role has no controls and will not be used in communication.
     The button is only enabled when not capturing.

     Valid Commands: NONE.

 * SELECTOR - This provides a combo box with fixed values which can be selected.

   The extcap utility can set default values at startup, and add and remove values and
   receive change in value selection while capturing. When starting a capture the GUI
   will send the value if different from the default value.

   The payload is a string with the value, and optionally a string with a display
   value if this is different from the value. This two string values are separated
   by a null character.

   Valid Commands: Set selected value, Add value, Remove value, Enable, Disable.

   If value is empty the Remove command will remove all entries.

 * STRING - This provides a text edit line with the possibility to set a string or any
   value which can be represented in a string (integer, float, date, etc.).

   The extcap utility can set a default string value at startup, and can change (set) and
   receive value changes while capturing. When starting a capture the GUI will send the
   value if different from the default value.

   The payload is a string with the value. Maximum length is 32767 bytes.

   Valid Commands: Set value, Enable, Disable.

   The element VALIDATION allows to provide a regular expression string, which is used
   to check the user input for validity beyond normal data type or range checks.
   Back-slashes must be escaped (as in \\b for \b).


MESSAGES
========
In addition to the controls it's possible to send a single message from the extcap
utility to the user.  This message can be put in the status bar or displayed in a
information, warning or error dialog which must be accepted by the user.  This message
does not use the NUMBER argument so this can have any value.


CONTROL PROTOCOL
================
The protocol used to communicate over the control pipes has a fixed size header of
6 bytes and a payload with 0 - 65535 bytes.

Control packet:

  +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  |     Sync Pipe Indication (1 byte)     |
  +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  |            Message Length             |
  |        (3 bytes network order)        |
  +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  |        Control Number (1 byte)        |
  +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  |           Command (1 byte)            |
  +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  |                Payload                |
  |           (0 - 65535 bytes)           |
  +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+

 Sync Pipe Indication:
  The common sync pipe indication. This protocol uses the value 'T'.

 Message Length:
  Payload length + 2 bytes for control number and command.

 Control Number:
   Unique number to identify the control.  This number also gives the order of
   the controls in the interface toolbar.

 Command:                  Control type:
   0 = Initialized           none
   1 = Set                   boolean / button / logger / selector / string
   2 = Add                   logger / selector
   3 = Remove                selector
   4 = Enable                boolean / button / selector / string
   5 = Disable               boolean / button / selector / string
   6 = Statusbar message     none
   7 = Information message   none
   8 = Warning message       none
   9 = Error message         none

 Payload Length:
   The length of the following payload.  Maximum length is 65535 bytes.

The Initialized command will be sent from the GUI to the extcap utility when all
user changed control values are sent after starting a capture. This is an indication
that the GUI is ready to receive control values.

The GUI will only send Initialized and Set commands.  The extcap utility shall not
send the Initialized command.

Messages with unknown control number or command will be silently ignored.


DEVELOPMENT
===========
To have extcap support, the specific extcap must be compiled. An example for
cmake compiling the extcap plugin androiddump is provided within wireshark. 
The extcap subsystem and the bundled extcaps are compiled by default.

Additionally there is an example python script available in doc/extcap_example.py.

When developing a new extcap, it must be created under extcap/ directory and
added to the makefiles. Once compiled it will be under the extcap/ directory
in the build dir.

If the current extcaps configuration is copied, the new extcap will need specific
configuration flags like --enable-<newextcap> or -DBUILD_<newextcap>

Since this is a plugin, the developer must ensure that the extcap dir will be
loaded. To see which dir is loaded, they must open HELP->ABOUT->FOLDER and look
for "Extcap Path". If there is a system path (like /usr/local/lib/wireshark/extcap/)
the extcaps in the build dir are not loaded. To load them, wireshark must be
loaded with WIRESHARK_RUN_FROM_BUILD_DIRECTORY=1. Now the "Extcap path" should
point to the extcap dir under your build environment.
