forked from osmocom/wireshark
570 lines
22 KiB
Text
570 lines
22 KiB
Text
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=head1 NAME
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tethereal - Dump and analyze network traffic
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=head1 SYNOPSYS
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B<tethereal>
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S<[ B<-a> capture autostop condition ] ...>
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S<[ B<-b> number of ring buffer files ]>
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S<[ B<-c> count ]>
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S<[ B<-D> ]>
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S<[ B<-f> capture filter expression ]>
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S<[ B<-F> file format ]>
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S<[ B<-h> ]>
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S<[ B<-i> interface ]>
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S<[ B<-l> ]>
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S<[ B<-n> ]>
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S<[ B<-N> resolving flags ]>
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S<[ B<-o> preference setting ] ...>
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S<[ B<-p> ]>
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S<[ B<-r> infile ]>
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S<[ B<-R> display filter expression ]>
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S<[ B<-s> snaplen ]>
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S<[ B<-t> time stamp format ]>
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S<[ B<-v> ]>
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S<[ B<-V> ]>
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S<[ B<-w> savefile ]>
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S<[ B<-x> ]>
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S<[ filter expression ]>
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=head1 DESCRIPTION
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B<Tethereal> is a network protocol analyzer. It lets you capture packet
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data from a live network, or read packets from a previously saved
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capture file, either printing a decoded form of those packets to the
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standard output or writing the packets to a file. B<Tethereal>'s native
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capture file format is B<libpcap> format, which is also the format used
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by B<tcpdump> and various other tools. In addition, B<Tethereal> can
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read capture files from B<snoop> and B<atmsnoop>, Shomiti/Finisar
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B<Surveyor>, Novell B<LANalyzer>, Network General/Network Associates
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DOS-based B<Sniffer> (compressed or uncompressed), Microsoft B<Network
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Monitor>, AIX's B<iptrace>, Cinco Networks B<NetXRay>, Network
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Associates Windows-based B<Sniffer>, AG Group/WildPackets
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B<EtherPeek>/B<TokenPeek>/B<AiroPeek>, B<RADCOM>'s WAN/LAN analyzer,
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B<Lucent/Ascend> router debug output, HP-UX's B<nettl>, the dump output
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from B<Toshiba's> ISDN routers, the output from B<i4btrace> from the
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ISDN4BSD project, the output in B<IPLog> format from the Cisco Secure
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Intrusion Detection System, B<pppd logs> (pppdump format), the output
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from VMS's B<TCPIPtrace> utility, the text output from the B<DBS
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Etherwatch> VMS utility, and traffic capture files from Visual Networks'
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Visual UpTime. There is no need to tell B<Tethereal> what type of file
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you are reading; it will determine the file type by itself.
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B<Tethereal> is also capable of reading any of these file formats if
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they are compressed using gzip. B<Tethereal> recognizes this directly
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from the file; the '.gz' extension is not required for this purpose.
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If the B<-w> flag is not specified, B<Tethereal> prints a decoded form
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of the packets it captures or reads; otherwise, it writes those packets
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to the file specified by that flag.
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When printing a decoded form of packets, B<Tethereal> prints, by
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default, a summary line containing the fields specified by the
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preferences file (which are also the fields displayed in the packet list
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pane in B<Ethereal>), although if it's printing packets as it captures
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them, rather than printing packets from a saved capture file, it won't
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print the "frame number" field. If the B<-V> flag is specified, it
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prints intead a protocol tree, showing all the fields of all protocols
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in the packet.
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When writing packets to a file, B<Tethereal>, by default, writes the
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file in B<libpcap> format, and writes all of the packets it sees to the
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output file. The B<-F> flag can be used to specify the format in which
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to write the file; it can write the file in B<libpcap> format (standard
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B<libpcap> format, a modified format used by some patched versions of
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B<libpcap>, or the format used by Red Hat Linux 6.1), B<snoop> format,
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uncompressed B<Sniffer> format, Microsoft B<Network Monitor> 1.x format,
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the format used by Windows-based versions of the B<Sniffer>
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software, and the format used by Visual Networks' software.
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Read filters in B<Tethereal>, which allow you to select which packets
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are to be decoded or written to a file, are very powerful; more fields
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are filterable in B<Tethereal> than in other protocol analyzers, and the
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syntax you can use to create your filters is richer. As B<Tethereal>
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progresses, expect more and more protocol fields to be allowed in read
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filters.
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Packet capturing is performed with the pcap library. The capture filter
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syntax follows the rules of the pcap library. This syntax is different
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from the read filter syntax. A read filter can also be specified when
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capturing, and only packets that pass the read filter will be displayed
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or saved to the output file; note, however, that capture filters are much
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more efficient than read filters, and it may be more difficult for
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B<Tethereal> to keep up with a busy network if a read filter is
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specified for a live capture.
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Compressed file support uses (and therefore requires) the zlib library.
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If the zlib library is not present, B<Tethereal> will compile, but will
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be unable to read compressed files.
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A capture or read filter can either be specified with the B<-f> or B<-R>
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option, respectively, in which case the entire filter expression must be
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specified as a single argument (which means that if it contains spaces,
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it must be quoted), or can be specified with command-line arguments
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after the option arguments, in which case all the arguments after the
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filter arguments are treated as a filter expression. If the filter is
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specified with command-line arguments after the option arguments, it's a
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capture filter if a capture is being done (i.e., if no B<-r> flag was
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specified) and a read filter if a capture file is being read (i.e., if a
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B<-r> flag was specified).
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=head1 OPTIONS
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=over 4
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=item -a
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Specify a criterion that specifies when B<Tethereal> is to stop writing
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to a capture file. The criterion is of the form I<test>B<:>I<value>,
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where I<test> is one of:
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=for man .RS
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=for html <P><DL>
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=item duration
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Stop writing to a capture file after I<value> seconds have elapsed.
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=item filesize
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Stop writing to a capture file after it reaches a size of I<value>
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kilobytes (where a kilobyte is 1000 bytes, not 1024 bytes).
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=for man .RE
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=for html </DL>
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=item -b
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If a maximum capture file size was specified, causes B<Tethereal> to run
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in "ring buffer" mode, with the specified number of files. In "ring
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buffer" mode, B<Tethereal> will write to several capture files; the name
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of the first file, while the capture is in progress, will be the name
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specified by the B<-w> flag, and subsequent files with have .I<n>
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appended, with I<n> counting up.
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When the first capture file fills up, B<Tethereal> will switch to
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writing to the next file, until it fills up the last file, at which
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point it'll discard the data in the first file and start writing to that
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file. When that file fills up, B<Tethereal> will discard the data in
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the next file and start writing to it, and so on.
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When the capture completes, the files will be renamed to have names
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based on the number of the file and on the date and time at which
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packets most recently started being written to the file.
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You can only save files in B<libpcap> format when using a ring buffer.
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=item -c
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Sets the default number of packets to read when capturing live
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data.
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=item -D
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Prints a list of the interfaces on which B<Tethereal> can capture, and
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exits. Note that "can capture" means that B<Tethereal> was able to open
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that device to do a live capture; if, on your system, a program doing a
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network capture must be run from an account with special privileges (for
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example, as root), then, if B<Tethereal> is run with the B<-D> flag and
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is not run from such an account, it will not list any interfaces.
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=item -f
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Sets the capture filter expression.
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=item -F
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Sets the file format of the output capture file.
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=item -h
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Prints the version and options and exits.
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=item -i
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Sets the name of the network interface to use for live packet capture.
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It should match one of the names listed in "B<netstat -i>" or
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"B<ifconfig -a>". If no interface is specified, B<Tethereal> searches
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the list of interfaces, choosing the first non-loopback interface if
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there are any non-loopback interfaces, and choosing the first loopback
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interface if there are no non-loopback interfaces; if there are no
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interfaces, B<Tethereal> reports an error and doesn't start the capture.
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=item -l
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Flush the standard output after the information for each packet is
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printed. (This is not, strictly speaking, line-buffered if B<-V>
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was specified; however, it is the same as line-buffered if B<-V> wasn't
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specified, as only one line is printed for each packet, and, as B<-l> is
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normally used when piping a live capture to a program or script, so that
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output for a packet shows up as soon as the packet is seen and
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dissected, it should work just as well as true line-buffering. We do
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this as a workaround for a deficiency in the Microsoft Visual C++ C
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library.)
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This may be useful when piping the output of B<Tethereal> to another
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program, as it means that the program to which the output is piped will
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see the dissected data for a packet as soon as B<Tethereal> sees the
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packet and generates that output, rather than seeing it only when the
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standard output buffer containing that data fills up.
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=item -n
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Disables network object name resolution (such as hostname, TCP and UDP port
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names).
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=item -N
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Turns on name resolving for particular types of addresses and port
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numbers; the argument is a string that may contain the letters B<m> to
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enable MAC address resolution, B<n> to enable network address
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resolution, and B<t> to enable transport-layer port number resolution.
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This overrides B<-n> if both B<-N> and B<-n> are present.
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=item -o
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Sets a preference value, overriding the default value and any value read
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from a preference file. The argument to the flag is a string of the
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form I<prefname>B<:>I<value>, where I<prefname> is the name of the
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preference (which is the same name that would appear in the preference
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file), and I<value> is the value to which it should be set.
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=item -p
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I<Don't> put the interface into promiscuous mode. Note that the
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interface might be in promiscuous mode for some other reason; hence,
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B<-p> cannot be used to ensure that the only traffic that is captured is
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traffic sent to or from the machine on which B<Tethereal> is running,
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broadcast traffic, and multicast traffic to addresses received by that
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machine.
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=item -r
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Reads packet data from I<infile>.
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=item -R
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Causes the specified filter (which uses the syntax of read filters,
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rather than that of capture filters) to be applied before printing a
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decoded form of packets or writing packets to a file; packets not
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matching the filter are discarded rather than being printed or written.
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=item -s
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Sets the default snapshot length to use when capturing live data.
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No more than I<snaplen> bytes of each network packet will be read into
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memory, or saved to disk.
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=item -t
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Sets the format of the packet timestamp printed in summary lines. The
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format can be one of 'r' (relative), 'a' (absolute), 'ad' (absolute with
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date), or 'd' (delta). The relative time is the time elapsed between
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the first packet and the current packet. The absolute time is the
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actual time the packet was captured, with no date displayed; the
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absolute date and time is the actual time and date the packet was
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captured. The delta time is the time since the previous packet was
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captured. The default is relative.
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=item -v
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Prints the version and exits.
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=item -V
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Causes B<Tethereal> to print a protocol tree for each packet rather than
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a one-line summary of the packet.
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=item -w
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Writes packet data to I<savefile>.
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=item -x
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Causes B<Tethereal> to print a hex and ASCII dump of the packet data
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after printing the summary or protocol tree.
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=back
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=head1 CAPTURE FILTER SYNTAX
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See manual page of tcpdump(8).
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=head1 READ FILTER SYNTAX
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Read filters help you remove the noise from a packet trace and let you
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see only the packets that interest you. If a packet meets the
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requirements expressed in your read filter, then it is printed. Read
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filters let you compare the fields within a protocol against a specific
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value, compare fields against fields, and to check the existence of
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specified fields or protocols.
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The simplest read filter allows you to check for the existence of a
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protocol or field. If you want to see all packets which contain the IPX
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protocol, the filter would be "ipx". (Without the quotation marks) To
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see all packets that contain a Token-Ring RIF field, use "tr.rif".
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Fields can also be compared against values. The comparison operators
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can be expressed either through C-like symbols, or through English-like
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abbreviations:
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eq, == Equal
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ne, != Not equal
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gt, > Greater than
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lt, < Less Than
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ge, >= Greater than or Equal to
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le, <= Less than or Equal to
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Furthermore, each protocol field is typed. The types are:
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Unsigned integer (either 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit, or 32-bit)
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Signed integer (either 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit, or 32-bit)
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Boolean
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Ethernet address (6 bytes)
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Byte string (n-number of bytes)
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IPv4 address
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IPv6 address
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IPX network number
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String (text)
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Double-precision floating point number
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An integer may be expressed in decimal, octal, or hexadecimal notation.
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The following three read filters are equivalent:
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frame.pkt_len > 10
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frame.pkt_len > 012
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frame.pkt_len > 0xa
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Boolean values are either true or false. In a read filter expression
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testing the value of a Boolean field, "true" is expressed as 1 or any
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other non-zero value, and "false" is expressed as zero. For example, a
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token-ring packet's source route field is boolean. To find any
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source-routed packets, a read filter would be:
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tr.sr == 1
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Non source-routed packets can be found with:
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tr.sr == 0
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Ethernet addresses, as well as a string of bytes, are represented in hex
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digits. The hex digits may be separated by colons, periods, or hyphens:
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fddi.dst eq ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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ipx.srcnode == 0.0.0.0.0.1
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eth.src == aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa
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If a string of bytes contains only one byte, then it is represented as
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an unsigned integer. That is, if you are testing for hex value 'ff' in
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a one-byte byte-string, you must compare it agains '0xff' and not 'ff'.
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IPv4 addresses can be represented in either dotted decimal notation, or
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by using the hostname:
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ip.dst eq www.mit.edu
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ip.src == 192.168.1.1
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IPv4 addresses can be compared with the same logical relations as numbers:
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eq, ne, gt, ge, lt, and le. The IPv4 address is stored in host order,
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so you do not have to worry about how the endianness of an IPv4 address
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when using it in a read filter.
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Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR) notation can be used to test if an
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IPv4 address is in a certain subnet. For example, this display filter
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will find all packets in the 129.111 Class-B network:
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ip.addr == 129.111.0.0/16
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Remember, the number after the slash represents the number of bits used
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to represent the network. CIDR notation can also be used with
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hostnames, in this example of finding IP addresses on the same Class C
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network as 'sneezy':
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ip.addr eq sneezy/24
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The CIDR notation can only be used on IP addresses or hostnames, not in
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variable names. So, a display filter like "ip.src/24 == ip.dst/24" is
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not valid. (yet)
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IPX networks are represented by unsigned 32-bit integers. Most likely
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you will be using hexadecimal when testing for IPX network values:
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ipx.srcnet == 0xc0a82c00
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A slice operator also exists. You can check the substring
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(byte-string) of any protocol or field. For example, you can filter on
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the vendor portion of an ethernet address (the first three bytes) like
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this:
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eth.src[0:3] == 00:00:83
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If the length of your byte-slice is only one byte, then it is still
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represented in hex, but without the preceding "0x":
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llc[3] == aa
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You can use the slice operator on a protocol name, too. And
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remember, the "frame" protocol encompasses the entire packet, allowing
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you to look at the nth byte of a packet regardless of its frame type
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(Ethernet, token-ring, etc.).
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token[0:5] ne 0.0.0.1.1
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ipx[0:2] == ff:ff
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llc[3:1] eq 0xaa
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The following syntax governs slices:
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[i:j] i = start_offset, j = length
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[i-j] i = start_offet, j = end_offset, inclusive.
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[i] i = start_offset, length = 1
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[:j] start_offset = 0, length = j
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[i:] start_offset = i, end_offset = end_of_field
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Offsets and lengths can be negative, in which case they indicate the
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offset from the B<end> of the field. Here's how to check the last 4
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bytes of a frame:
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frame[-4:4] == 0.1.2.3
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or
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frame[-4:] == 0.1.2.3
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You can create complex concatenations of slices using the comma operator:
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field[1,3-5,9:] == 01:03:04:05:09:0a:0b
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All the above tests can be combined together with logical expressions.
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These too are expressable in C-like syntax or with English-like
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abbreviations:
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and, && Logical AND
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or, || Logical OR
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not, ! Logical NOT
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Expressions can be grouped by parentheses as well. The following are
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all valid read filter expression:
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tcp.port == 80 and ip.src == 192.168.2.1
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not llc
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(ipx.srcnet == 0xbad && ipx.srnode == 0.0.0.0.0.1) || ip
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tr.dst[0:3] == 0.6.29 xor tr.src[0:3] == 0.6.29
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A special caveat must be given regarding fields that occur more than
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once per packet. "ip.addr" occurs twice per IP packet, once for the
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source address, and once for the destination address. Likewise,
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tr.rif.ring fields can occur more than once per packet. The following
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two expressions are not equivalent:
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ip.addr ne 192.168.4.1
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not ip.addr eq 192.168.4.1
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The first filter says "show me all packets where an ip.addr exists that
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does not equal 192.168.4.1". That is, as long as one ip.addr in the
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packet does not equal 192.168.44.1, the packet passes the display
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filter. The second filter "don't show me any packets that have at least
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one ip.addr field equal to 192.168.4.1". If one ip.addr is 192.168.4.1,
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the packet does not pass. If B<neither> ip.addr fields is 192.168.4.1,
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then the packet passes.
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It is easy to think of the 'ne' and 'eq' operators as having an implict
|
|
"exists" modifier when dealing with multiply-recurring fields. "ip.addr
|
|
ne 192.168.4.1" can be thought of as "there exists an ip.addr that does
|
|
not equal 192.168.4.1".
|
|
|
|
Be careful with multiply-recurring fields; they can be confusing.
|
|
|
|
The following is a table of protocol and protocol fields that are
|
|
filterable in B<Tethereal>. The abbreviation of the protocol or field is
|
|
given. This abbreviation is what you use in the read filter. The
|
|
type of the field is also given.
|
|
|
|
=insert_dfilter_table
|
|
|
|
=head1 FILES
|
|
|
|
The F<ethereal.conf> file, which is installed in the F<etc> directory
|
|
under the main installation directory (for example, F</usr/local/etc>)
|
|
on UNIX-compatible systems, and in the main installation directory (for
|
|
example, F<C:\Program Files\Ethereal>) on Windows systems, and the
|
|
personal preferences file, which is F<$HOME/.ethereal/preferences> on
|
|
UNIX-compatible systems and F<%APPDATA%\Ethereal\preferences> (or, if
|
|
%APPDATA% isn't defined,
|
|
F<%USERPROFILE%\Application Data\Ethereal\preferences>) on
|
|
Windows systems, contain system-wide and personal preference settings,
|
|
respectively. The file contains preference settings of the form
|
|
I<prefname>B<:>I<value>, one per line, where I<prefname> is the name of
|
|
the preference (which is the same name that would appear in the
|
|
preference file), and I<value> is the value to which it should be set;
|
|
white space is allowed between B<:> and I<value>. A preference setting
|
|
can be continued on subsequent lines by indenting the continuation lines
|
|
with white space. A B<#> character starts a comment that runs to the
|
|
end of the line.
|
|
|
|
The system-wide preference file is read first, if it exists, overriding
|
|
B<Tethereal>'s default values; the personal preferences file is then
|
|
read, if it exists, overriding default values and values read from the
|
|
system-wide preference file.
|
|
|
|
The F<ethers> file, which is found in the F</etc> directory on
|
|
UNIX-compatible systems, and in the main installation directory (for
|
|
example, F<C:\Program Files\Ethereal>) on Windows systems, is consulted
|
|
to correlate 6-byte hardware addresses to names. If an address is not
|
|
found in the F<ethers> file, the F<$HOME/.ethereal/ethers> file on
|
|
UNIX-compatible systems, and the F<%APPDATA%\Ethereal\ethers> file (or, if
|
|
%APPDATA% isn't defined, the
|
|
F<%USERPROFILE%\Application Data\Ethereal\ethers> file) on Windows
|
|
systems is consulted next. Each line contains one hardware
|
|
address and name, separated by whitespace. The digits of the hardware
|
|
address are separated by either a colon (:), a dash (-), or a period
|
|
(.). The following three lines are valid lines of an ethers file:
|
|
|
|
ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff Broadcast
|
|
c0-00-ff-ff-ff-ff TR_broadcast
|
|
00.00.00.00.00.00 Zero_broadcast
|
|
|
|
The F<manuf> file, which is installed in the F<etc> directory under the
|
|
main installation directory (for example, F</usr/local/etc>) on
|
|
UNIX-compatible systems, and in the main installation directory (for
|
|
example, F<C:\Program Files\Ethereal>) on Windows systems, matches the
|
|
3-byte vendor portion of a 6-byte hardware address with the
|
|
manufacturer's name. The format of the file is the same as the
|
|
F<ethers> file, except that each address is three bytes instead of six.
|
|
|
|
The F<ipxnets> file, which is found in the F</etc> directory on
|
|
UNIX-compatible systems, and in the main installation directory (for
|
|
example, F<C:\Program Files\Ethereal>) on Windows systems, correlates
|
|
4-byte IPX network numbers to names. If a network number is not found
|
|
in the F<ipxnets> file, the F<$HOME/.ethereal/ipxnets> file on
|
|
UNIX-compatible systems, and the F<%APPDATA%\Ethereal\ipxnets> file (or,
|
|
if %APPDATA% isn't defined, the
|
|
F<%USERPROFILE%\Application Data\Ethereal\ipxnets> file)
|
|
on Windows systems, is consulted next. The format is the same as the
|
|
F<ethers> file, except that each address if four bytes instead of six.
|
|
Additionally, the address can be represented a single hexadecimal
|
|
number, as is more common in the IPX world, rather than four hex octets.
|
|
For example, these four lines are valid lines of an ipxnets file.
|
|
|
|
C0.A8.2C.00 HR
|
|
c0-a8-1c-00 CEO
|
|
00:00:BE:EF IT_Server1
|
|
110f FileServer3
|
|
|
|
=head1 SEE ALSO
|
|
|
|
L<ethereal(1)>, L<editcap(1)>, L<tcpdump(8)>, L<pcap(3)>
|
|
|
|
=head1 NOTES
|
|
|
|
B<Tethereal> is part of the B<Ethereal> distribution. The latest version
|
|
of B<Ethereal> can be found at B<http://www.ethereal.com>.
|
|
|
|
=head1 AUTHORS
|
|
|
|
B<Tethereal> uses the same packet dissection code that B<Ethereal> does,
|
|
as well as using many other modules from B<Ethereal>; see the list of
|
|
authors in the B<Ethereal> man page for a list of authors of that code.
|