$Id: README.developer,v 1.9 2000/03/10 08:57:05 guy Exp $ This file is a HOWTO for Ethereal developers. It describes how to start coding a protocol dissector and the use some of the important functions and variables in Ethereal. See also the "proto_tree" file for a more detailed description of the protocol tree construction functions. 1. Setting up your protocol dissector code. This section provides skeleton code for a protocol dissector. It also explains the basic functions needed to enter values in the traffic summary columns, add to the protocol tree, and work with registered header fields. 1.1 Code style. 1.1.1 Comments. Don't use C++-style comments (comments beginning with "//" and running to the end of the line); Ethereal's dissectors are written in C, and thus run through C rather than C++ compilers, and not all C compilers support C++-style comments (GCC does, but IBM's C compiler for AIX, for example, doesn't do so by default). 1.1.2 Name convention. Ethereal uses the underscore_convention rather than the InterCapConvention for function names, so new code should probably use underscores rather than intercaps for functions and variable names. This is especially important if you are writing code that will be called from outside your code. We are just trying to keep thing consistent for other users. 1.2 Skeleton code. Ethereal requires certain things when setting up a protocol dissector. Below is skeleton code for a dissector that you can copy to a file and fill in. Your dissector should follow the naming convention of packet- followed by the abbreviated name for the protocol. It is recommended that where possible you keep to the IANA abbreviated name for the protocol, if there is one, or a commonly-used abbreviation for the protocol, if any. You should declare the main dissector routine in a header file whose name is "packet-", followed by the abbreviated name for the protocol, followed by ".h"; any dissector file that calls your dissector should be changed to include that file. You may not need to include all the headers listed in the skeleton below, and you may need to include additional headers. For example, the code inside #ifdef NEED_SNPRINTF_H ... #endif is needed only if you are using the "snprintf()" function. The "$Id: README.developer,v 1.9 2000/03/10 08:57:05 guy Exp $" in the comment will be updated by CVS when the file is checked in; it will allow the RCS "ident" command to report which version of the file is currently checked out. ------------------------------------Cut here------------------------------------ /* packet-PROTOABBREV.c * Routines for PROTONAME dissection * Copyright 2000, YOUR_NAME * * $Id: README.developer,v 1.9 2000/03/10 08:57:05 guy Exp $ * * Ethereal - Network traffic analyzer * By Gerald Combs * Copyright 1998 Gerald Combs * * Copied from WHATEVER_FILE_YOU_USED * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 * of the License, or (at your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ #ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H # include "config.h" #endif #include #include #ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H # include #endif #ifdef HAVE_NETINET_IN_H # include #endif #ifdef NEED_SNPRINTF_H # ifdef HAVE_STDARG_H # include # else # include # endif # include "snprintf.h" #endif #include #include #include "packet.h" #include "packet-PROTOABBREV.h" /* Initialize the protocol and registered fields */ static int proto_PROTOABBREV = -1; static int hf_PROTOABBREV_FIELDABBREV = -1; /* Initialize the subtree pointers */ static gint ett_PROTOABBREV = -1; /* Code to actually dissect the packets */ void dissect_PROTOABBREV(cont u_char *pd, int offset, frame_data *fd, proto_tree *tree) { /* Set up structures we will need to add the protocol subtree and manage it */ proto_item *ti; proto_tree *PROTOABBREV_tree; /* Make entries in Protocol column and Info column on summary display */ if (check_col(fd, COL_PROTOCOL)) col_add_str(fd, COL_PROTOCOL, "PROTOABBREV"); /* This field shows up as the "Info" column in the display; you should make it, if possible, summarize what's in the packet, so that a user looking at the list of packets can tell what type of packet it is. "col_add_fstr()" can be used instead of "col_add_str()"; it takes "printf()"-like arguments. */ if (check_col(fd, COL_INFO)) col_add_str(fd, COL_INFO, "XXX Request"); /* In the interest of speed, if "tree" is NULL, don't do any work not necessary to generate protocol tree items. */ if (tree) { /* NOTE: The offset and length values in the previous call to "proto_tree_add_item()" define what data bytes to highlight in the hex display window when the line in the protocol tree display corresponding to that item is selected. END_OF_FRAME is a handy way to highlight all data from the offset to the end of the packet. */ ti = proto_tree_add_item(tree, proto_PROTOABBREV, offset, END_OF_FRAME, NULL); PROTOABBREV_tree = proto_item_add_subtree(ti, ett_PROTOABBREV); /* Code to process the packet goes here */ } } /* Register the protocol with Ethereal */ proto_register_PROTOABBREV(void) { /* Setup list of header fields */ static hf_register_info hf[] = { { &hf_PROTOABBREV_FIELDABBREV, { "FIELDNAME", "PROTOABBREV.FIELDABBREV", FIELDTYPE, FIELDBASE, FIELDCONVERT, BITMASK, "FIELDDESCR" } }, }; /* Setup protocol subtree array */ static gint *ett[] = { &ett_PROTOABBREV, }; /* Register the protocol name and description */ proto_srvloc = proto_register_protocol("PROTONAME", "PROTOABBREV"); /* Required function calls to register the header fields and subtrees used */ proto_register_field_array(proto_PROTOABBREV, hf, array_length(hf)); proto_register_subtree_array(ett, array_length(ett)); }; ------------------------------------Cut here------------------------------------ 1.3 Explanation of needed substitutions in code skeleton. In the above code block the following strings should be substituted with your information. YOUR_NAME Your name, of course. You do want credit, don't you? It's the only payment you will receive.... YOUR_EMAIL_ADDRESS Keep those cards and letters coming. WHATEVER_FILE_YOU_USED Add this line if you are using another file as a starting point. PROTONAME The name of the protocol. PROTOABBREV An abbreviated name for the protocol. (NO SPACES) (rec. a-z, 0-9 only and try to conform with IANA names) FIELDNAME The displayed name for the header field. FIELDABBREV The abbreviated name for the header field. (NO SPACES) FIELDTYPE FT_NONE, FT_BOOLEAN, FT_UINT8, FT_UINT16, FT_UINT24, FT_UINT32, FT_INT_8, FT_INT_16, FT_INT_24, FT_INT_32, FT_DOUBLE, FT_ABSOLUTE_TIME, FT_RELATIVE_TIME, FT_STRING, FT_ETHER, FT_BYTES, FT_IPv4, FT_IPv6, FT_IPXNET, FT_TEXT_ONLY FIELDBASE BASE_NONE, BASE_DEC, BASE_HEX, BASE_OCT, BASE_BIN FIELDCONVERT VALS(x), TFS(x), NULL BITMASK Usually 0x0 unless using the TFS(x) field conversion. FIELDDESCR A brief description of the field. 1.4 The dissector and the data it receives. 1.4.1 Header file. The dissector has the following header which must be placed into packet-PROTOABBREV.h. void dissect_PROTOABBREV(const u_char *pd, int offset, frame_data *fd, proto_tree *tree); 1.4.2 Extracting data from packets. The "pd" argument to a dissector points to a buffer containing the raw data for the frame; the "offset" argument is the offset into that buffer of the first byte belonging to the protocol to be dissected by that dissector. One must not assume that the data to be dissected is aligned on a particular boundary in memory, and therefore one must not, for example, extract a 4-byte unsigned integer by doing foo = *(guint32 *)pd[offset + 8]; as, if "pd + offset" is not aligned on a 4-byte boundary in memory (because, for example, "pd" is so aligned but "offset" is not a multiple of 4), that line of code may, when executed, cause Ethereal to crash. In addition, one must not assume that Ethereal is running on a machine with a particular byte order (big-endian or little-endian); if the field one is dissecting is, for example, big-endian, code such as the example above, even if "pd + offset" is aligned on a 4-byte boundary or if the processor on which Ethereal is running doesn't require addresses to be aligned on appropriate boundaries, will not work correctly on little-endian systems such as IBM-compatible PCs or most systems with Alpha processors - and the same problem would exist if the field were little-endian and the code were running on big-endian systems such as SPARC machines. One should, instead, use the "pntohs()", "pntohl()", "pletohs()", or "pletohl()" macros: foo = pntohl(&pd[offset + 8]); which will extract a 4-byte big-endian value from the field starting at an offset of "offset + 8" from the beginning of the frame. The macros in question extract: pntohs() 2-byte, big-endian quantity pntohl() 4-byte, big-endian quantity pletohs() 2-byte, little-endian quantity pletohl() 4-byte, little-endian quantity 1.5 Functions to handle columns in the traffic summary window. The topmost pane of the main window is a list of the packets in the capture, possibly filtered by a display filter. Each line corresponds to a packet, and has one or more columns, as configured by the user. Many of the columns are handled by code outside individual dissectors; most dissectors need only specify the value to put in the "Protocol" and "Info" columns. Columns are specified by COL_ values; the COL_ value for the "Protocol" field, typically giving an abbreviated name for the protocol (but not the all-lower-case abbreviation used elsewhere) is COL_PROTOCOL, and the COL_ value for the "Info" field, giving a summary of the contents of the packet for that protocol, is COL_INFO. A value for a column should only be added if the user specified that it be displayed; to check whether a given column is to be displayed, call 'col_info' with the COL_ value for that field as an argument - it will return TRUE if the column is to be displayed and FALSE if it is not to be displayed. The value for a column can be specified with one of several functions, all of which take the 'fd' argument to the dissector as their first argument, and the COL_ value for the column as their second argument. 1.5.1 The col_add_str function. 'col_add_str' takes a string as its third argument, and sets the value for the column to that value. For example, to set the "Protocol" column to "PROTOABBREV": if (check_col(fd, COL_PROTOCOL)) col_add_str(fd, COL_PROTOCOL, "PROTOABBREV"); 1.5.2 The col_add_fstr function. 'col_add_fstr' takes a 'printf'-style format string as its third argument, and 'printf'-style arguments corresponding to '%' format items in that string as its subsequent arguments. For example, to set the "Info" field to " request, bytes", where "reqtype" is a string containing the type of the request in the packet and "n" is an unsigned integer containing the number of bytes in the request: if (check_col(fd, COL_INFO)) col_add_fstr(fd, COL_INFO, "%s request, %u bytes", reqtype, n); 1.5.3 The col_append_str function. Sometimes the value of a column, especially the "Info" column, can't be conveniently constructed at a single point in the dissection process; for example, it might contain small bits of information from many of the fields in the packet. 'col_append_str' takes, as arguments, the same arguments as 'col_add_str', but the string is appended to the end of the current value for the column, rather than replacing the value for that column. (Note that no blank separates the appended string from the string to which it is appended; if you want a blank there, you must add it yourself as part of the string being appended.) 1.5.4 The col_append_fstr function. 'col_append_fstr' is to 'col_add_fstr' as 'col_append_str' is to 'col_add_str' - it takes, as arguments, the same arguments as 'col_add_fstr', but the formatted string is appended to the end of the current value for the column, rather than replacing the value for that column. 1.6 Constructing the protocol tree. The middle pane of the main window, and the topmost pane of a packet popup window, are constructed from the "protocol tree" for a packet. The protocol tree, or proto_tree, is a GNode, the N-way tree structure available within GLIB. Of course the protocol dissectors don't care what a proto_tree really is; they just pass the proto_tree pointer as an argument to the routines which allow them to add items and new branches to the tree. When a packet is selected in the packet-list pane, or a packet popup window is created, a new logical protocol tree (proto_tree) is created. The pointer to the proto_tree (in this case, 'protocol tree'), is passed to the top-level protocol dissector, and then to all subsequent protocol dissectors for that packet, and then the GUI tree is drawn via proto_tree_draw(). The logical proto_tree needs to know detailed information about the protocols and fields about which information will be collected from the dissection routines. By strictly defining (or "typing") the data that can be attached to a proto tree, searching and filtering becomes possible. This means that the for every protocol and field (which I also call "header fields", since they are fields in the protocol headers) which might be attached to a tree, some information is needed. Every dissector routine will need to register its protocols and fields with the central protocol routines (in proto.c). At first I thought I might keep all the protocol and field information about all the dissectors in one file, but decentralization seemed like a better idea. That one file would have gotten very large; one small change would have required a re-compilation of the entire file. Also, by allowing registration of protocols and fields at run-time, loadable modules of protocol dissectors (perhaps even user-supplied) is feasible. To do this, each protocol should have a register routine, which will be called when Ethereal starts. The code to call the register routines is generated automatically; to arrange that a protocol's register routine be called at startup: the file containing a dissector's "register" routine must be added to "DISSECTOR_SOURCES" in "Makefile.am"; the "register" routine must have a name of the form "proto_register_XXX"; the "register" routine must take no argument, and return no value; the "register" routine's name must appear in the source file either at the beginning of the line, or preceded only by "void " at the beginning of the line (that'd typically be the definition) - other white space shouldn't cause a problem, e.g.: void proto_register_XXX(void) { ... } and void proto_register_XXX( void ) { ... } and so on should work. For every protocol or field that a dissector wants to register, a variable of type int needs to be used to keep track of the protocol. The IDs are needed for establishing parent/child relationships between protocols and fields, as well as associating data with a particular field so that it can be stored in the logical tree and displayed in the GUI protocol tree. Some dissectors will need to create branches within their tree to help organize header fields. These branches should be registered as header fields. Only true protocols should be registered as protocols. This is so that a display filter user interface knows how to distinguish protocols from fields. A protocol is registered with the name of the protocol and its abbreviation. Here is how the frame "protocol" is registered. int proto_frame; proto_frame = proto_register_protocol ( /* name */ "Frame", /* abbrev */ "frame" ); A header field is also registered with its name and abbreviation, but information about the its data type is needed. It helps to look at the header_field_info struct to see what information is expected: struct header_field_info { char *name; char *abbrev; enum ftenum type; int display; void *strings; guint bitmask; char *blurb; int id; /* calculated */ int parent; int bitshift; /* calculated */ }; name ---- A string representing the name of the field. This is the name that will appear in the graphical protocol tree. abbrev ------ A string with an abbreviation of the field. We concatenate the abbreviation of the parent protocol with an abbreviation for the field, using a period as a separator. For example, the "src" field in an IP packet would have "ip.addr" as an abbreviation. It is acceptable to have multiple levels of periods if, for example, you have fields in your protocol that are then subdivided into subfields. For example, TRMAC has multiple error fields, so the abbreviations follow this pattern: "trmac.errors.iso", "trmac.errors.noniso", etc. The abbreviation is the identifier used in a display filter. type ---- The type of value this field holds. The current field types are: FT_NONE No field type. Used for protocol labels. FT_BOOLEAN 0 means "false", any other value means "true". FT_UINT8 An 8-bit unsigned integer. FT_UINT16 A 16-bit unsigned integer. FT_UINT24 A 24-bit unsigned integer. FT_UINT32 A 32-bit unsigned integer. FT_INT8 An 8-bit signed integer. FT_INT16 A 16-bit signed integer. FT_INT24 A 24-bit signed integer. FT_INT32 A 32-bit signed integer. FT_DOUBLE A floating point number. FT_ABSOLUTE_TIME Seconds (4 bytes) and microseconds (4 bytes) of time displayed as month name, month day, year, hours, minutes, and seconds with 4 digits after the decimal point. FT_RELATIVE_TIME Seconds (4 bytes) and microseconds (4 bytes) of time displayed as seconds and 6 digits after the decimal point. FT_STRING A string of characters. FT_ETHER A six octet string displayed in Ethernet-address format. FT_BYTES A string of bytes. FT_IPv4 A version 4 IP address (4 bytes) displayed in dotted-quad IP address format (4 decimal numbers separated by dots). FT_IPv6 A version 6 IP address (16 bytes) displayed in standard IPv6 address format. FT_IPXNET An IPX address displayed in hex as a 6-byte network number followed by a 6-byte station address. FT_TEXT_ONLY A reserved, non-filterable type for converting old style trees. You shouldn't be using this. Some of these field types are still not handled in the display filter routines, but the most common ones are. The FT_UINT* variables all represent unsigned integers, and the FT_INT* variables all represent signed integers; the number on the end represent how many bits are used to represent the number. display ------- The display field has a couple of overloaded uses. This is unfortunate, but since we're C as an application programming language, this sometimes makes for cleaner programs. Right now I still think that overloading this variable was okay. For integer fields (FT_UINT* and FT_INT*), this variable represents the base in which you would like the value displayed. The acceptable bases are: BASE_DEC, BASE_HEX, BASE_OCT, BASE_BIN For FT_BOOLEAN fields that are also bitfields, 'display' is used to tell the proto_tree how wide the parent bitfield is. With integers this is not needed since the type of integer itself (FT_UINT8, FT_UINT16, FT_UINT24, FT_UINT32, etc.) tells the proto_tree how wide the parent bitfield is. Additionally, BASE_NONE is used for 'display' as a NULL-value. That is, for non-integers and non-bitfield FT_BOOLEANs, you'll want to use BASE_NONE in the 'display' field. It is possible that in the future we will record the endianness of integers. If so, it is likely that we'll use a bitmask on the display field so that integers would be represented as BEND|BASE_DEC or LEND|BASE_HEX. But that has not happened yet. strings ------- Some integer fields, of type FT_UINT*, need labels to represent the true value of a field. You could think of those fields as having an enumerated data type, rather than an integral data type. A 'value_string' structure is a way to map values to strings. typedef struct _value_string { guint32 value; gchar *strptr; } value_string; For fields of that type, yoou would declare an array of "value_string"s: static const value_string valstringname[] = { { INTVAL1, "Descriptive String 1" }, { INTVAL2, "Descriptive String 2" }, { 0, NULL }, }; (the last entry in the array must have a NULL 'strptr' value, to indicate the end of the array). The 'strings' field would be set to 'VALS(valstringname)'. (Note: before Ethereal 0.7.6, we had separate field types like FT_VALS_UINT8 which denoted the use of value_strings. Now, the non-NULLness of the pointer lets the proto_tree know that a value_string is meant for this field). If the field has a numeric rather than an enumerated type, the 'strings' field would be set to NULL. FT_BOOLEANS have a default map of 0 = "False", 1 (or anything else) = "True". Sometimes it is useful to change the labels for boolean values (e.g., to "Yes"/"No", "Fast"/"Slow", etc.). For these mappings, a struct called true_false_string is used. (This struct is new as of Ethereal 0.7.6). typedef struct true_false_string { char *true_string; char *false_string; } true_false_string; For Boolean fields for which "False" and "True" aren't the desired labels, you would declare a "true_false_string"s: static const true_false_string boolstringname = { "String for True", "String for False" }; Its two fields are pointers to the string representing truth, and the string representing falsehood. For FT_BOOLEAN fields that need a 'true_false_string' struct, the 'strings' field would be set to 'TFS(&boolstringname)'. If the Boolean field is to be displayed as "False" or "True", the 'strings' field would be set to NULL. bitmask ------- If the field is not a bitfield, then bitmask should be set to 0. If it is a bitfield, then the bitmask is the mask which will leave only the bits needed to make the field when ANDed with a value. The proto_tree routines will calculate 'bitshift' automatically from 'bitmask', by finding the first set bit in the bitmask. blurb ----- This is a string giving a sentence or two description of the field. It is meant to provide a more detailed description of the field than the name alone provides. This information will be used in the man page, and in a future GUI display-filter creation tool. We might also add tooltips to the labels in the GUI protocol tree, in which case the blurb would be used as the tooltip text. 1.6.1 Field Registration. Protocol registration is handled by creating an instance of the header_field_info struct (or an array of such structs), and calling the registration function along with the registration ID of the protocol that is the parent of the fields. Here is a complete example: static int proto_eg = -1; static int hf_field_a = -1; static int hf_field_b = -1; static hf_register_info hf[] = { { &hf_field_a, { "Field A", "proto.field_a", FT_UINT8, BASE_HEX, NULL, 0xf0, "Field A represents Apples" }}, { &hf_field_b, { "Field B", "proto.field_a", FT_UINT16, BASE_DEC, VALS(vs), 0x0, "Field B represents Bananas" }} }; proto_eg = proto_register_protocol("Example Protocol", "proto"); proto_register_field_array(proto_eg, hf, array_length(hf)); Be sure that your array of hf_register_info structs is declared 'static', since the proto_register_field_array() function does not create a copy of the information in the array... it uses that static copy of the information that the compiler created inside your array. Here's the layout of the hf_register_info struct: typedef struct hf_register_info { int *p_id; /* pointer to parent variable */ header_field_info hfinfo; } hf_register_info; Also be sure to use the handy array_length() macro found in packet.h to have the compiler compute the array length for you at compile time. 1.6.2 Adding Items and Values to the Protocol Tree. A protocol item is added to an existing protocol tree with one of a handful of proto_tree_add_item*() funtions. Subtrees can be made with the proto_item_add_subtree() function: item = proto_tree_add_item(....); new_tree = proto_item_add_subtree(item, tree_type); Subtree types are integers, assigned by "proto_register_subtree_array()". To register subtree types, pass an array of pointers to "gint" variables to hold the subtree type values to "proto_register_subtree_array()": static gint ett_eg = -1; static gint ett_field_a = -1; static gint *ett[] = { &ett_eg, &ett_field_a, }; proto_register_subtree_array(ett, array_length(ett)); in your "register" routine, just as you register the protocol and the fields for that protocol. There are 5 functions that the programmer can use to add either protocol or field labels to the proto_tree: proto_item* proto_tree_add_item(tree, id, start, length, value); proto_item* proto_tree_add_item_format(tree, id, start, length, value, format, ...); proto_item* proto_tree_add_item_hidden(tree, id, start, length, value); proto_item* proto_tree_add_text(tree, start, length, format, ...); proto_item* proto_tree_add_notext(tree, start, length); The 'tree' argument is the tree to which the item is to be added. The 'start' argument is the offset from the beginning of the frame (not the offset from the beginning of the part of the packet belonging to this protocol, but the offset from the beginning of the frame as a whole) of the item being added, and the 'length' argument is the length, in bytes, of the item. The length of some items cannot be determined until the item has been dissected; to add such an item, add it with a length of 0, and, when the dissection is complete (or fails because the packet is too short), set the length with 'proto_item_set_len()': void proto_item_set_len(ti, length); The "ti" argument is the value returned by the call that added the item to the tree, and the "length" argument is the length of the item. proto_tree_add_item() --------------------- The first function, proto_tree_add_item, is used when you wish to do no special formatting. The item added to the GUI tree will contain the name (as passed in the proto_register_*() function) and any value. If your field does have a value, it is passed after the length variable (notice the ellipsis in the function prototype). Now that the proto_tree has detailed information about bitfield fields, you can use proto_tree_add_item() with no extra processing to add bitfield values to your tree. Here's an example. Take the Format Identifer (FID) field in the Transmission Header (TH) portion of the SNA protocol. The FID is the high nibble of the first byte of the TH. The FID would be registered like this: name = "Format Identifer" abbrev = "sna.th.fid" type = FT_UINT8 display = BASE_HEX strings = sna_th_fid_vals bitmask = 0xf0 The bitmask contains the value which would leave only the FID if bitwise-ANDed against the parent field, the first byte of the TH. The code to add the FID to the tree would be; guint8 th_0 = pd[offset]; proto_tree_add_item(bf_tree, hf_sna_th_fid, offset, 1, th_0); Note: we do not do *any* manipulation of th_0 in order to ge the FID value. We just pass it to proto_tree_add_item(). The proto_tree already has the information about bitmasking and bitshifting, so it does the work of masking and shifting for us! This also means that you no longer have to crate value_string structs with the values bitshifted. The value_string for FID looks like this, even though the FID value is actually contained in the high nibble. (You'd expect the values to be 0x0, 0x10, 0x20, etc.) /* Format Identifier */ static const value_string sna_th_fid_vals[] = { { 0x0, "SNA device <--> Non-SNA Device" }, { 0x1, "Subarea Node <--> Subarea Node" }, { 0x2, "Subarea Node <--> PU2" }, { 0x3, "Subarea Node or SNA host <--> Subarea Node" }, { 0x4, "?" }, { 0x5, "?" }, { 0xf, "Adjaced Subarea Nodes" }, { 0, NULL } }; The final implication of this is that display filters work the way you'd naturally expect them to. You'd type "sna.th.fid == 0xf" to find Adjacent Subarea Nodes. The user does not have to shift the value of the FID to the high nibble of the byte ("sna.th.fid == 0xf0") as was necessary before Ethereal 0.7.6. proto_tree_add_item_format() ---------------------------- The second function, proto_tree_add_item_format(), is used when the dissector routines wants complete control over how the field and value will be represented on the GUI tree. The caller must pass include the name of the protocol or field; it is not added automatically as in proto_tree_add_item(). proto_tree_add_item_hidden() ---------------------------- The third function is used to add fields and values to a tree, but not show them on a GUI tree. The caller may want a value to be included in a tree so that the packet can be filtered on this field, but the representation of that field in the tree is not appropriate. An example is the token-ring routing information field (RIF). The best way to show the RIF in a GUI is by a sequence of ring and bridge numbers. Rings are 3-digit hex numbers, and bridges are single hex digits: RIF: 001-A-013-9-C0F-B-555 In the case of RIF, the programmer should use a field with no value and use proto_tree_add_item_format() to build the above representation. The programmer can then add the ring and bridge values, one-by-one, with proto_tree_add_item_hidden() so that the user can then filter on or search for a particular ring or bridge. Here's a skeleton of how the programmer might code this. char *rif; rif = create_rif_string(...); proto_tree_add_item_format(tree, hf_tr_rif_label,..., "RIF: %s", rif); for(i = 0; i < num_rings; i++) { proto_tree_add_item_hidden(tree, hf_tr_rif_ring, ..., ring[i]); } for(i = 0; i < num_rings - 1; i++) { proto_tree_add_item_hidden(tree, hf_tr_rif_ring, ..., bridge[i]); } The logical tree has these items: hf_tr_rif_label, text="RIF: 001-A-013-9-C0F-B-555", value = NONE hf_tr_rif_ring, hidden, value=0x001 hf_tr_rif_bridge, hidden, value=0xA hf_tr_rif_ring, hidden, value=0x013 hf_tr_rif_bridge, hidden, value=0x9 hf_tr_rif_ring, hidden, value=0xC0F hf_tr_rif_bridge, hidden, value=0xB hf_tr_rif_ring, hidden, value=0x555 GUI or print code will not display the hidden fields, but a display filter or "packet grep" routine will still see the values. The possible filter is then possible: tr.rif_ring eq 0x013 proto_tree_add_text() --------------------- The fourth function, proto_tree_add_text(), is used to add a label to the GUI tree. It will contain no value, so it is not searchable in the display filter process. This function was needed in the transition from the old-style proto_tree to this new-style proto_tree so that Ethereal would still decode all protocols w/o being able to filter on all protocols and fields. Otherwise we would have had to cripple Ethereal's functionality while we converted all the old-style proto_tree calls to the new-style proto_tree calls. This can also be used for items with subtrees, which may not have values themselves - the items in the subtree are the ones with values. proto_tree_add_notext() ----------------------- The fifth function, proto_tree_add_notext(), is used to add an item to the logical tree that will have only a label, and no value (so it is not searchable in the display filter process), but that doesn't yet have a label, either. This is for items where the value is to be filled in later. This is typically used for an item with a subtree, where the label is to contain a summary of the subtree, with the values of some of the fields in the subtree shown in the label of the item for the subtree as a whole; the item can be created as a placeholder, with the label added when the dissection is complete - and, if the dissection doesn't complete because the packet is too short and not all the required fields are present, the label could be set to something indicating this. The text is set by 'proto_item_set_text()': void proto_tree_set_text(proto_item *ti, ...); which takes as an argument the value returned by 'proto_tree_add_notext()', a 'printf'-style format string, and a set of arguments corresponding to '%' format items in that string. For example, early in the dissection, one might do: ti = proto_tree_add_notext(tree, offset, length); and later do proto_item_set_text(ti, "%s: %s", type, value); after the "type" and "value" fields have been extracted and dissected. 1.7 Editing Makefile.am and Makefile.nmake to add your dissector. To arrange that your dissector will be built as part of Ethereal, you must add the name of the source file for your dissector, and the header file that declares your main dissector routine, to the 'DISSECTOR_SOURCES' macro in the 'Makefile.am' file in the top-level directory, and must add the name the object file for the dissector will have when built on Windows - if your dissector source file is 'packet-PROTOABBREV.c', the object file for it will be 'packet-PROTOABBREV.obj' - to the 'DISSECTOR_OBJECTS' macro in the 'Makefile.nmake' file in the top-level directory. (Note that this is for modern versions of UNIX, so there is no 14-character limitation on file names, and for modern versions of Windows, so there is no 8.3-character limitation on file names.) Please remember to update both files; it may not be necessary to do so in order for you to build Ethereal on your machine, but both changes will need to be checked in to the Ethereal source code, to allow it to build on all platforms. 1.8 Using the CVS source code tree. 1.9 Submitting code for your new dissector. 2. Advanced dissector topics. 2.1 ?? 2.2 Following "conversations." In ethereal a conversation is defined as a series of data packet between two address:port combinations. A conversation is not sensitive to the direction of the packet. The same conversation will be returned for a packet bound from ServerA:1000 to ClientA:2000 and the packet from ClientA:2000 to ServerA:1000. There are two routine that you will use to work with a conversation: conversation_new and find_conversation. 2.2.1 The conversation_init function. This is an internal routine for the conversation code. As such the you will not have to call this routine. Just be aware that this routine is called at the start of each capture and before the packets are filtered with a display filter. The routine will destroy all stored conversations. This routine does NOT clean up any data pointers that is passed in the conversation_new 'data' variable. You are responsible for this clean up if you pass a malloc'ed pointer in this variable. See item 2.2.4 for more information about the 'data' pointer. 2.2.2 The conversation_new function. This routine will create a new conversation based upon the source address:port and destination address:port. If you want store a pointer to memory structure it should be passed in the conversation_new 'data' variable. The ptype variable is used to differentiate between conversations over different protocols, ie. TCP and UDP. See packet.h for information on the port_type. 2.2.3 The find_conversation function. Call this routine to lookup a conversation. If no conversation is found the routine will return a NULL value. You don't have to worry about interchanging the source and destination values. The conversation routine will automatically return the same conversation for packets traveling in both directions. 2.2.4 The example conversation code with GMemChunk's For a conversation between two IP addresses and ports you can use this as an example. This example uses the GMemChunk to allocate memory and stores the data pointer in the conversation 'data' variable. NOTE: Remember to register the init routine (my_dissector_init) in the protocol_register routine. /************************ Globals values ************************/ /* the number of entries in the memory chunk array */ #define my_init_count 10 /* define your structure here */ typedef struct { }my_entry_t; /* the GMemChunk base structure */ static GMemChunk *my_vals = NULL; /********************* in the dissector routine *********************/ /* the local variables in the dissector */ conversation_t *conversation; my_entry_t *data_ptr /* look up the conversation */ /* pi is a global variable of type packet_info, see packet.h */ conversation = find_conversation( &pi.src, &pi.dst, pi.ptype, pi.srcport, pi.destport); /* if conversation found get the data pointer that you stored */ if ( conversation) data_ptr = (my_entry_t*)conversation->data; else { /* new conversation create local data structure */ data_ptr = g_mem_chunk_alloc(my_protocol_vals); /*** add your code here to setup the new data structure ***/ /* create the conversation with your data pointer */ conversation_new( &pi.src, &pi.dst, pi.ptype, pi.srcport, pi.destport, (void*)data_ptr); } /* at this point the conversation data is ready */ /******************* in the dissector init routine *******************/ #define rlogin_hash_init_count 20 static void my_dissector_init( void){ /* destory memory chunks if needed */ if ( my_vals) g_mem_chunk_destroy(my_vals); /* now create memory chunks */ my_vals = g_mem_chunk_new( "my_proto_vals", sizeof( _entry_t), my_init_count * sizeof( my_entry_t), G_ALLOC_AND_FREE); } /***************** in the protocol register routine *****************/ /* register re-init routine */ register_init_routine( &my_dissector_init); 2.2.4 The example conversation code using conversation index field Add this latter ............ 2.3 ?? 3. Plugins Writing a "plugin" dissector is not very different from writing a standard one. All the functions described in the first part of this file can be used in plugins exactly as they are used in standard dissectors. However, there are a few things you need to do (you can look at the gryphon plugin for an example) : 3.1 Needed headers #include "plugins/plugin_api.h" Some OSes (Win32) have DLLs that cannot reference symbols in the parent executable. So, the executable needs to provide a table of pointers for the DLL plugin to use. The plugin_api.h header provides definitions for this (or empty definitions on OSes which don't need this). #include "moduleinfo.h" This header is optional. It is used by the gryphon plugin to provide a VERSION macro (different from the ethereal VERSION). Ex : $ cat moduleinfo.h /* Included *after* config.h, in order to re-define these macros */ #ifdef VERSION #undef VERSION #endif /* Plugin version number */ #define VERSION "0.1.2" 3.2 Exported constants Plugins need to provide the following exported constants (the DLLEXPORT macro is defined in plugin_api.h) : DLLEXPORT const gchar version[] = VERSION; DLLEXPORT const gchar desc[] = "DG Gryphon Protocol"; DLLEXPORT const gchar protocol[] = "tcp"; DLLEXPORT const gchar filter_string[] = "tcp.port == 7000"; version : a version number associated with the plugin. desc : description of the dissector (displayed in the plugin selection window). protocol : name of the underlying protocol (e.g. if protocol == "xxx", the plugin will be called from dissect_xxx). Only "tcp" and "udp" are supported for now. filter_string : display filter which is applied to a frame to determine if it should be dissected by this plugin. The above definitions, taken from the gryphon plugin, show that the gryphon plugin will be called in dissect_tcp() if the TCP source or destination port is 7000. 3.3 Exported functions The following two functions need to be exported by the plugin : DLLEXPORT void dissector(const u_char *pd, int offset, frame_data *fd, proto_tree *tree) This function should be similar to any other dissect_xxx() function, except for its name. DLLEXPORT void plugin_init(plugin_address_table_t *pat) This function is called by ethereal when the plugin is initialized. Here is a sample code for the function : /* initialise the table of pointers needed in Win32 DLLs */ plugin_address_table_init(pat); /* destroy the dfilter tree */ dfilter_cleanup(); /* register the new protocol, protocol fields, and subtrees */ proto_xxx = proto_register_protocol("XXX Protocol", "xxx"); proto_register_field_array(proto_xxx, hf, array_length(hf)); proto_register_subtree_array(ett, array_length(ett)); /* initialize the dfilter tree with all the header field and protocol * abbrevs defined, including xxx */ dfilter_init(); 4.0 Extending Wiretap. 5.0 Adding new capabilities. James Coe Gilbert Ramirez Jeff Foster Olivier Abad