#ifndef _EZPWD_OUTPUT
#define _EZPWD_OUTPUT

#include <cstdio>
#include <streambuf>
#include <iostream>
#include <cctype>
#include <iomanip>
#include <sstream>
#include <set>
#include <map>
#include <vector>

// 
// ezpwd::hexchr	-- escape/hexify char c, output using func/meth f, in width w >= 2
// ezpwd::hexify	-- hexify something that can be converted to an unsigned char
// ezpwd::hexout	-- hexify each element in the range (beg,end], limited by stream's width
// 
// std::ostream << ezpwd::hexify( c )		// output any char escaped/hex
// std::ostream << ezpwd::hexout( beg, end )	// output any char iterator to ostream
// std::ostream << std::vector<unsigend char>
// std::ostream << std::array<unsigend char, N>
// ezpwd::hexchr( c, [](unsigned char c){...;} )// output escaped/hex char via functor
// ezpwd::hexout( beg, end, FILE* )		// output any char iterator to FILE*
// 
//     Output unprintable unsigned char data in hex, escape printable/whitespace data.
//
namespace ezpwd {

    struct hexify {
	unsigned char		c;
	std::streamsize		w;
	explicit		hexify(
				    unsigned char	_c,
				    std::streamsize	_w	= 2 )
				    : c( _c )
				    , w( _w )
	{ ; }
	explicit		hexify(
				    char		_c,
				    std::streamsize	_w	= 2 )
				    : c( (unsigned char)_c )
				    , w( _w )
	{ ; }
    };
    struct hexstr {
	const std::string      &s;
	explicit		hexstr(
				    const std::string  &_s )
				    : s( _s )
	{ ; }
    };

    template <typename F> // a functor taking a char
    void
    hexchr( unsigned char c, F f = []( unsigned char c ) { std::cout.put( c );}, size_t w = 2 )
    {
	for ( ; w > 2; --w )
	    f( ' ' );
	if ( std::isprint( c ) || std::isspace( c )
	    || c == '\0' || c == '\a' || c == '\b' || c == 0x1B ) { // '\e' is not standard
	    switch ( c ) {
	    case 0x00: f( '\\' ); f( '0' ); break;  // NUL
	    case 0x07: f( '\\' ); f( 'a' ); break;  // BEL
	    case 0x08: f( '\\' ); f( 'b' ); break;  // BS
	    case 0x09: f( '\\' ); f( 't' ); break;  // HT
	    case 0x0A: f( '\\' ); f( 'n' ); break;  // LF
	    case 0x0B: f( '\\' ); f( 'v' ); break;  // VT
	    case 0x0C: f( '\\' ); f( 'f' ); break;  // FF
	    case 0x0D: f( '\\' ); f( 'r' ); break;  // CR
	    case 0x1B: f( '\\' ); f( 'e' ); break;  // ESC
	    case '\"': f( '\\' ); f( '"' ); break;  // "
	    case '\'': f( '\\' ); f( '\''); break;  // '
	    case '\\': f( '\\' ); f( '\\'); break;  // '\'
	    default:   f( ' '  ); f( c );	    // space, any other printable character
	  }
	} else {
	    f( "0123456789ABCDEF"[( c >> 4 ) & 0x0f ] );
	    f( "0123456789ABCDEF"[( c >> 0 ) & 0x0f ] );
	}
    }


    inline
    std::ostream	       &operator<<(
				    std::ostream       &lhs,
				    const ezpwd::hexify&rhs )
    {
      ezpwd::hexchr( rhs.c, [ &lhs ]( unsigned char c ) { lhs.put( c ); }, rhs.w );
      return lhs;
    }

    template < typename iter_t >
    inline
    std::ostream	       &hexout(
				    std::ostream       &lhs,
				    const iter_t       &beg,
				    const iter_t       &end )
    {
	std::streamsize		wid	= lhs.width( 0 );
	int			col	= 0;
	for ( auto i = beg; i != end; ++i ) {
	    if ( wid && col == wid ) {
		lhs << std::endl;
		col			= 0;
	    }
	    lhs << hexify( *i );
	    ++col;
	}
	return lhs;
    }

    template < typename iter_t >
    inline
    std::FILE		       *hexout(
				    const iter_t       &beg,
				    const iter_t       &end,
				    std::FILE          *lhs )
    {
	for ( auto i = beg; i != end; ++i ) {
	    ezpwd::hexchr( *i, [ lhs ]( unsigned char c ) { std::fputc( c, lhs ); } );
	}
	return lhs;
    }

    inline
    std::ostream	       &operator<<(
				    std::ostream       &lhs,
				    const ezpwd::hexstr&rhs )
    {
      return ezpwd::hexout( lhs, rhs.s.begin(), rhs.s.end() );
    }
} // namespace ezpwd

namespace std {
    template < size_t S >
    inline
    std::ostream	       &operator<<(
				    std::ostream       &lhs,
				    const std::array<unsigned char,S>
						       &rhs )
    {
        return ezpwd::hexout( lhs, rhs.begin(), rhs.end() );
    }

    inline
    std::ostream	       &operator<<(
				    std::ostream       &lhs,
				    const std::vector<unsigned char>
						       &rhs )
    {
        return ezpwd::hexout( lhs, rhs.begin(), rhs.end() );
    }

    // 
    //    <ostream&> << pair<T,U>
    //    <ostream&> << set<T>		-- sorted by T
    //    <ostream&> << map<T,U>		-- sorted by T (key)
    //    <ostream&> << vector<T>
    // 
    //     Handle output of various container types.
    // 
    //     Output pairs and sets of pairs, respecting specified widths (as appropriate).  For example
    // a set of pairs of integeters 's', if output as "... << std::setw( 13 ) << s;", would yield:
    // 
    //	   (	1,    2) (    3,   4) ...
    // 

    template <class T, class U>
    std::ostream	       &operator<<(
				    std::ostream       &lhs,
				    const std::pair<T,U> &rhs )
    {
        std::streamsize		w	= std::max( std::streamsize( 0 ),
						    std::streamsize( lhs.width() - 3 ));
	lhs << std::setw( 0 )
	    << '('	<< std::setw(	  w / 2 ) << rhs.first 
	    << ','	<< std::setw( w - w / 2 ) << rhs.second 
	    << ')';
	return lhs;
    }

    template <class T>
    std::ostream	       &operator<<(
				    std::ostream       &lhs,
				    const std::set<T>  &rhs )
    {
        std::streamsize		w	= lhs.width();		// If width is set, use if for each item
	for ( typename std::set<T>::const_iterator
				si	= rhs.begin()
		; si		       != rhs.end()
		; ++si ) {
	    if ( si != rhs.begin()) 
	        lhs << ' ';
	    lhs << std::setw( w ) << *si;
	}
	lhs << std::setw( 0 );					// If container empty, must clear
	return lhs;
    }

template <class T, class U>
std::ostream		       &operator<<(
				    std::ostream       &lhs,
				    const std::map<T,U>&rhs )
{
    std::streamsize		w	= lhs.width();		// If width is set, use if for each item
    std::vector<T>		key;
    for ( typename std::map<T,U>::const_iterator
				mi	= rhs.begin()
	      ; mi		       != rhs.end()
	      ; ++mi )
	key.push_back( mi->first );
    std::sort( key.begin(), key.end() );
    for ( typename std::vector<T>::const_iterator
				ki	= key.begin()
	      ; ki		       != key.end()
	      ; ++ki ) {
	if ( ki != key.begin()) 
	    lhs << ' ';
	lhs << std::setw( w ) << *rhs.find( *ki );
    }
    lhs << std::setw( 0 );					// If container empty, must clear
    return lhs;
}

template <class T>
std::ostream		       &operator<<(
				    std::ostream	   &lhs, 
				    const std::vector<T>   &rhs )
{
    for( size_t i = 0; i < rhs.size(); ++i ) {
	if ( i )
	    lhs << ", ";
	lhs << rhs[i];
    }

    return lhs;
}
} // namespace std

// 
// ezpwd::buf_t		-- describe a C string buffer, to allow C++ output operations
// ezpwd::streambuf_to_buf_t -- output charcters, always NUL terminated
// 
// <buf_t> << ... -- Copy the <string> into the C <char*,size_t> buffer, always NUL terminating
// 
//     Copies <string> contents into buffer, and always NUL-terminates.  Returns advanced buf_t (NOT
// including the terminating NUL, suitable for repeating ... << <string> operations.
// 
// std::ostream( &<streambuf_to_buf_t> ) << ...
// 
//     Use standard ostream operations to send output to a C buffer, always NUL
// terminating, and never exceeding capacity.
// 
namespace ezpwd {

    typedef std::pair<char *,size_t>
				buf_t;

    class streambuf_to_buffer
	: public std::streambuf {
    private:
	char	       	       *_buf;
	size_t			_siz;
    public:
	//
	//  streambuf_to_buf_t -- remember buf_t details
	// ~streambuf_to_buf_t -- no virtual destructor required; nothing to clean up
	// 
    			streambuf_to_buffer(
			    char	       *buf,
			    size_t		siz )
			    : _buf( buf )
			    , _siz( siz )
	{
	    if ( _siz > 0 )
		*_buf		= 0;
	}
    	explicit	streambuf_to_buffer(
			    const buf_t	       &buf )
			    : streambuf_to_buffer( buf.first, buf.second )
	{
	    ;
	}
			      
	// 
	// overflow -- Append c, always NUL terminating
	// 
	virtual int	overflow(
			    int			c )
	{
	    if ( _siz <= 1 )
		return EOF; 			// No room for c and NUL; EOF
	    if ( EOF == c )
		return 0;			// EOF provided; do nothing
	    --_siz;
	    *_buf++		= char( c );
	    *_buf		= 0;
	    return c;
	}
    }; // class streambuf_to_buffer

} // namespace ezpwd

namespace std {

    inline
    ezpwd::buf_t	operator<<(
			    const ezpwd::buf_t &buf,
			    const std::string  &str )
    {
	if ( buf.first && str.size() + 1 <= buf.second ) {
	    std::copy( str.begin(), str.end(), buf.first );
	    buf.first[str.size()]	= 0;
	    return ezpwd::buf_t( buf.first + str.size(), buf.second - str.size() );
	} else if ( buf.first && buf.second ) {
	    std::copy( str.begin(), str.begin() + buf.second - 1, buf.first );
	    buf.first[buf.second-1]	= 0;
	    return ezpwd::buf_t( buf.first + buf.second - 1, 1 );
	}
	return buf; // NULL pointer or 0 size.
    }


    // 
    // <std::string> << ...
    // 
    //     Useful (but inefficient) standard output formatting directly to a std::string.  Use only for
    // testing code, for efficiency reasons...
    // 
    template < typename T >
    inline
    std::string		operator<<(
			    const std::string  &lhs,
			    const T 	       &rhs )
    {
	std::ostringstream oss;
	oss << rhs;
	return std::string( lhs ).append( oss.str() );
    }

} // namespace std

#endif // _EZPWD_OUTPUT