542 lines
16 KiB
Plaintext
542 lines
16 KiB
Plaintext
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Reverse Engineering
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and
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Porting Linux
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to a
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Windows Mobile PDA Phone
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%center
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%size 4
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by
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Harald Welte <laforge@gnumonks.org>
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Introduction
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Who is speaking to you?
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an independent Free Software developer, consultant and trainer
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13 years experience using/deploying and developing for Linux on server and workstation
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10 years professional experience doing Linux system + kernel level development
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strong focus on network security and embedded
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expert in Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) copyright and licensing
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digital board-level hardware design, esp. embedded systems
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active developer and contributor to many FOSS projects
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thus, a techie, who will therefore not have fancy animated slides ;)
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Introduction
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My involvement in Linux on mobile phones
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2003/2004: gpl-violations.org / Motorola A780
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2004: Started OpenEZX for A780 (now E680, A1200, E6, ...)
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06/2006-11/2007: Lead System Architect at Openmoko, Inc.
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10/2008: Started the 'gnufiish' project
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Introduction
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Linux on mobile phones
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is hardly something new
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Vendors have been doing this since 2003, e.g.
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Motorola EZX
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(A760, A768, A780, E680, A1200, E6, ...)
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Motorola MAGX
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(ROKR2v8, ...)
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lots of unknown Chinese vendors (E28, Haier, ..)
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however, no 'really open' devices
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proprietary UI libraries
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proprietary kernel extensions
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often no full source code
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cryptographically locked down
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Openmoko
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Linux on mobile phones
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Openmoko is many things
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the hardware
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GTA01 (Neo 1973)
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GTA02 (Neo FreeRunner)
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the various UI's
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One GTK+ based)
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One is a mixture of Qtopia, GTK+ and e17
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One is FSO + e17 based
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the distribution (based on Openembedded)
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the company (Openmoko, Inc.)
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Openmoko
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Why I'm not working on/for/with Openmoko hardware?
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Not true, I still contribute to Openmoko :)
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Linux kernel port is quite complete and stable
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Hardware has its limits
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GPRS-only (no EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA)
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quite big and heavy
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no option for keyboard
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Community based projects
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Linux mobile phone community ports
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The vendor ships WM or other OS, community replaces it
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xda-developers.com community
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mostly focused on HTC devices
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way too little developers fro too many devices
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hardware product cycles getting shorter / faster
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many new devices based on completely undocumented chipsets
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Community based projects
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Linux mobile phone community ports
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More smaller / fragmented projects
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Most based on the fact that somebody bought the device and started osme hacking
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Most are stuck
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either in a quite early stage (kernel boots, not many drivers)
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or advanced but hardware already end-of-life
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Conclusion:
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We need a new project with more prospect for success
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Needs to be stable and full-feature while hardware still available
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Community based projects
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Linux mobile phone community ports
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What if you want to start from scratch?
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choose hardware that is as documented as possible
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choose hardware where most peripherals have drivers
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choose hardware that has good support in mainline Linux
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Community based projects
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How to find such a Linux-friendly device?
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Look at hardware details of available devices
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Use Google to find out what hardware they use
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Use FCC database to get PCB photographs
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Look at WM firmware images (registry/...)
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At some point you buy one and take it apart
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Linux-friendly hardware
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The E-TEN glofiish device family
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various devices with different parameters
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screen full-VGA or QVGA
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EDGE-only, UMTS or HSDPA
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keyboard or no keyboard
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GPS or no GPS
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Wifi or no Wifi
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application processor is always the same (S3C2442)
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Linux-friendly hardware
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I went through this process
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I found the E-TEN glofiish devices
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They are very similar to Openmoko
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Samsung S3C2442 SoC MCP with NAND+SDRAM
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TD028TTEC1 full-VGA LCM
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Other hardware parts reasonably supported/known
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Marvell 8686/libertas WiFi (SPI attached)
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SiRF GPS (UART attached)
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CSR Bluetooth (UART attached)
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Only some unknown parts
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CPLD for power management and kbd matrix
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Ericsson GSM Modem (AT commandset documented!)
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Cameras (I don't really care)
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Project gnufiish
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Project 'gnufiish'
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Port Linux to the E-TEN glofiish devices
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Initially to the M800 and X800
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Almost all glofiish have very similar hardware
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Openmoko merges all my patches in their kernel!
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Official inclusion to Openmoko distribution
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Project gnufiish
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gnufiish Status
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Kernel (2.6.24/2.6.27) booted on _first attempt_
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Working
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I2C host controller
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I2C communication to CPLD and FM Radio
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USB Device mode (Ethernet gadget)
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Touchscreen input
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LCM Framebuffer
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LCM Backlight control
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GPS and Bluetooth power control
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GPIO buttons
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In the works
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Audio Codec driver (50% done)
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GSM Modem (SPI) driver (80% done)
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M800 Keyboard + Capsense driver (25% done)
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SPI glue to libertas WiFi driver (70% done)
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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HOWTO
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How was this done?
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Various reverse engineering techniques
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Take actual board apart, note major components
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Use HaRET (hardwar reverse engineering tool)
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Find + use JTAG testpads
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Find + use serial console
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Disassemble WinMobile drivers
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Take hardware apart
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Opening the case and void your warranty
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%image "x800_backside_nobat_nocover.jpg"
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Note the convenient test pads beneath the battery
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Take hardware apart
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Opening the case
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%image "x800_opening_the_case.jpg" 800x600
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If you have a bit of experience in taking apart devices, you can do that without any damage...
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Take hardware apart
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The Mainboard with all its shielding covers
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%image "x800_mainboard_with_shielding.jpg" 800x600
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Obvoiusly, the shielding needs to go
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Take hardware apart
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The application processor section
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%image "x800_application_processor.jpg"
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Take hardware apart
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The HSDPA modem section
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%image "x800_hsdpa_modem.jpg"
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Take hardware apart
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The backside
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%image "x800_backside_with_lcm.jpg"
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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JTAG pins
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Find + use JTAG testpads
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JTAG is basically a long shift register
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Input, Output, Clock (TDI, TDO, TCK)
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Therefore, you can try to shift data in and check if/where it comes out
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Automatized JTAG search by project "jtagfinder" by Hunz (German CCC member)
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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JTAG pins
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Find + use JTAG testpads
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%image "x800_dbgconn_closeup.jpg"
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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JTAG pins
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Find + use JTAG testpads
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%image "x800_debcon_pcb.jpg"
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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JTAG pins
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Find + use JTAG testpads
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%image "x800_jtagfinder_probes.jpg"
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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JTAG pins
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Find + use JTAG testpads
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%image "x800_jtagfinder.jpg"
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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JTAG pins
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Found JTAG pins
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Chain 1
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Samsung S3C2442 Application Processor
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Has standard ARM JTAG ICE
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Chain 2
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CPLD programming interface
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Remaining work
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find the nTRST and nSRST pins
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Serial console
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How to find the serial console
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Just run some code that you think writes to it
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Use a Scope to find typical patterns of a serial port
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I haven't actually done (or needed) this on the glofiish yet, but on many other devices
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RxD pin is harder to find, just trial+error usually works as soon as you have some interactive prompt that echo's the characters you write
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Don't forget to add level shifter from 3.3/5V to RS232 levels
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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What's HaRET
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What is HaRET
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a Windows executable program for any WinCE based OS
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offers a control interface on a TCP port
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connect to it using haretconsole (python script) on Linux PC
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supports a number of popular ARM based SoC (PXA, S3C, MSM)
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features include
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GPIO state and tracing
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MMIO read/write
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virtual/physical memory mapping
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IRQ tracing (by redirecting IRQ vectors)
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load Linux into ram and boot it from within WinCE
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Using HaRET
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Using HaRET
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run the program on the target device
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connect to it using haretconsole over USB-Ethernet
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read GPIO configuration
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Create GPIO funciton map based on SoC data sheet
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watch for GPIO changes
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remove the signal from the noise
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exclude unitneresting and frequently changing GPIOs
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watch for GPIO changes while performing certain events
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press every button and check
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start/stop peripherals
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insert/eject SD card
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Using HaRET
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Using HARET
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watch for IRQ changes/events
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e.g. you see DMA3 interrupts while talking to the GSM
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read MMIO config of DMA controller to determine user: SPI
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read SPI controller configuration + DMA controller configuration
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find RAM address of data buffers read/written by DMA
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haretconsole writes logfiles
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you can start to annotate the logfiles
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of course, all of this could be done using JTAG, too.
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but with HaRET, you mostly don't need it!!!
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Disassembling WinCE drivers
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Disassmbling WinCE drivers
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is the obvious thing to do, right?
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is actually not all that easy, since
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WinCE doesn't allow you to read the DLLs
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not via ActiveSync neither WinCE filesystem API's
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Apparently, they are pre-linked and not real files anymore
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luckily, there are tools in the 'ROM cooking' scene
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hundreds of different tools, almost all need Windows PC
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therefore, not useful to me
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conclusion: Need to understand the ROM image format
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Disassembling WinCE ROM files
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Disassembling WinCE ROM files
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'datextract' to extract different portions like OS image
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'x520.pl' to remove spare NAND OOB sectors from image and get a file
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split resulting image in bootsplash, cabarchive and disk image
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'xx1.pl' to split cabarchive into CAB files
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'partextract' to split disk image in partitions
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'SRPX2XIP.exe' (wine) to decompress XPRS compressed partition0+1
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'dumpxip.pl' to dump/recreate files in partition0 and 1
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'ImgfsToDump.exe' to dump/recreate files in partition2 (imagefs)
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Disassembling WinCE Drivers
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Disassembling WinCE Drivers
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Now we finally have the re-created DLL's with the drivers
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Use your favourite debugger/disassembler to take them apart
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I'm a big fan of IDA (Interactive Disassembler)
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The only proprietary software that I license+use in 15 years
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There's actually a Linux x86 version
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Was even using it with qemu on my Powerbook some years back
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Disassembling WinCE Drivers
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Important drivers
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pwrbtn.dll: the power button ?!?
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spkphn.dll: high-level device management
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i2c.dll: S3C24xx I2C controller driver
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spi.dll: The GSM Modem SPI driver
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Sergsm.dll: S3C24xx UART driver, NOT for GSM
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SerialCSR.dll: CSR Bluetooth driver
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fm_si4700.dll: The FM Radio (I2C)
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battdrvr.dll: Battery device (I2C)
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keypad.dll: Keypad+Keyboard+Capsense (I2C)
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GSPI8686.dll: Marvell WiFi driver (SPI)
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Disassembling WinCE Drivers
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Disassembling WinCE drivers
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Is typically hard, they're completely stripped
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Windows drivers are very data-driven, not many symbols/functions
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However, debug statements left by developers are always helpful
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After some time you get used to it
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You know your hardware and the IO register bases
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take it from there, look at register configuration
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What I've learned about WinCE driver development
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... would be an entirely separate talk
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MSDN luckily has full API documentation
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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WinCE Registry
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WinCE has a registry, too
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I never really understood what this registry is all about, but it doesn't matter ;)
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You can use 'synce-registry' to dump it to Linux
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Contains important information about
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how drivers are interconnected
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various configuration parameters of drivers
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Links
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http://wiki.openezx.org/Glofiish_X800
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http://git.openezx.org/?p=gnufiish.git
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http://eten-users.eu/
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http://wiki.xda-developers.com/
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%page
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Reverse Engineering and Porting Linux to a WM PDA Phone
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Thanks
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Thanks to
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Openmoko, Inc. for trying to create more open phones
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Hunz for his jtagfinder
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xda-developers.org for all their work on WinCE tools
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eten-users.eu for the various ETEN related ROM cooking projects
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Willem Jan Hengeveld (itsme) for his M700 ROM tools
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An undisclosed Indian Company for showing commercial interest in this project
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Samsung, for having 100% open source driver for their SoC's
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Ericsson, for publishing the full AT command set for their modems
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