If we let the CIL grow without bound, it will grow large enough to violate
recovery constraints (must be at least one complete transaction in the log at
all times) or take forever to write out through the log buffers. Hence we need
a check during asynchronous transactions as to whether the CIL needs to be
pushed.
We track the amount of log space the CIL consumes, so it is relatively simple
to limit it on a pure size basis. Make the limit the minimum of just under half
the log size (recovery constraint) or 8MB of log space (which is an awful lot
of metadata).
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <aelder@sgi.com>
The delayed logging code only changes in-memory structures and as
such can be enabled and disabled with a mount option. Add the mount
option and emit a warning that this is an experimental feature that
should not be used in production yet.
We also need infrastructure to track committed items that have not
yet been written to the log. This is what the Committed Item List
(CIL) is for.
The log item also needs to be extended to track the current log
vector, the associated memory buffer and it's location in the Commit
Item List. Extend the log item and log vector structures to enable
this tracking.
To maintain the current log format for transactions with delayed
logging, we need to introduce a checkpoint transaction and a context
for tracking each checkpoint from initiation to transaction
completion. This includes adding a log ticket for tracking space
log required/used by the context checkpoint.
To track all the changes we need an io vector array per log item,
rather than a single array for the entire transaction. Using the new
log vector structure for this requires two passes - the first to
allocate the log vector structures and chain them together, and the
second to fill them out. This log vector chain can then be passed
to the CIL for formatting, pinning and insertion into the CIL.
Formatting of the log vector chain is relatively simple - it's just
a loop over the iovecs on each log vector, but it is made slightly
more complex because we re-write the iovec after the copy to point
back at the memory buffer we just copied into.
This code also needs to pin log items. If the log item is not
already tracked in this checkpoint context, then it needs to be
pinned. Otherwise it is already pinned and we don't need to pin it
again.
The only other complexity is calculating the amount of new log space
the formatting has consumed. This needs to be accounted to the
transaction in progress, and the accounting is made more complex
becase we need also to steal space from it for log metadata in the
checkpoint transaction. Calculate all this at insert time and update
all the tickets, counters, etc correctly.
Once we've formatted all the log items in the transaction, attach
the busy extents to the checkpoint context so the busy extents live
until checkpoint completion and can be processed at that point in
time. Transactions can then be freed at this point in time.
Now we need to issue checkpoints - we are tracking the amount of log space
used by the items in the CIL, so we can trigger background checkpoints when the
space usage gets to a certain threshold. Otherwise, checkpoints need ot be
triggered when a log synchronisation point is reached - a log force event.
Because the log write code already handles chained log vectors, writing the
transaction is trivial, too. Construct a transaction header, add it
to the head of the chain and write it into the log, then issue a
commit record write. Then we can release the checkpoint log ticket
and attach the context to the log buffer so it can be called during
Io completion to complete the checkpoint.
We also need to allow for synchronising multiple in-flight
checkpoints. This is needed for two things - the first is to ensure
that checkpoint commit records appear in the log in the correct
sequence order (so they are replayed in the correct order). The
second is so that xfs_log_force_lsn() operates correctly and only
flushes and/or waits for the specific sequence it was provided with.
To do this we need a wait variable and a list tracking the
checkpoint commits in progress. We can walk this list and wait for
the checkpoints to change state or complete easily, an this provides
the necessary synchronisation for correct operation in both cases.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <aelder@sgi.com>
The ticket ID is needed to uniquely identify transactions when doing busy
extent matching. Delayed logging changes the lifecycle of busy extents with
respect to the transaction structure lifecycle. Hence we can no longer use
the transaction structure as a means of determining the owner of the busy
extent as it may be freed and reused while the busy extent is still active.
This commit provides the infrastructure to access the xlog_tid_t held in the
ticket from a transaction handle. This avoids the need for callers to peek
into the transaction and log structures to find this out.
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <aelder@sgi.com>
There remains only one user of the l_sectbb_mask field in the log
structure. Just kill it off and compute the mask where needed from
the power-of-2 sector size.
(Only update from last post is to accomodate the changes in the
previous patch in the series.)
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <aelder@sgi.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Change struct log so it keeps track of the size (in basic blocks) of
a log sector in l_sectBBsize rather than the log-base-2 of that
value (previously, l_sectbb_log). The name was chosen for
consistency with the other fields in the structure that represent
a number of basic blocks.
(Updated so that a variable used in computing and verifying a log's
sector size is named "log2_size". Also added the "BB" to the
structure field name, based on feedback from Eric Sandeen. Also
dropped some superfluous parentheses.)
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <aelder@sgi.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@sandeen.net>
Replace the awkward xlog_write_adv_cnt with an inline helper that makes
it more obvious that it's modifying it's paramters, and replace the use
of an integer type for "ptr" with a real void pointer. Also move
xlog_write_adv_cnt to xfs_log_priv.h as it will be used outside of
xfs_log.c in the delayed logging series.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Just minor housekeeping, a lot more functions can be trivially made
static; others could if we reordered things a bit...
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@sandeen.net>
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <aelder@sgi.com>
Convert the old xfs tracing support that could only be used with the
out of tree kdb and xfsidbg patches to use the generic event tracer.
To use it make sure CONFIG_EVENT_TRACING is enabled and then enable
all xfs trace channels by:
echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/xfs/enable
or alternatively enable single events by just doing the same in one
event subdirectory, e.g.
echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/xfs/xfs_ihold/enable
or set more complex filters, etc. In Documentation/trace/events.txt
all this is desctribed in more detail. To reads the events do a
cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace
Compared to the last posting this patch converts the tracing mostly to
the one tracepoint per callsite model that other users of the new
tracing facility also employ. This allows a very fine-grained control
of the tracing, a cleaner output of the traces and also enables the
perf tool to use each tracepoint as a virtual performance counter,
allowing us to e.g. count how often certain workloads git various
spots in XFS. Take a look at
http://lwn.net/Articles/346470/
for some examples.
Also the btree tracing isn't included at all yet, as it will require
additional core tracing features not in mainline yet, I plan to
deliver it later.
And the really nice thing about this patch is that it actually removes
many lines of code while adding this nice functionality:
fs/xfs/Makefile | 8
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_acl.c | 1
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_aops.c | 52 -
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_aops.h | 2
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_buf.c | 117 +--
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_buf.h | 33
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_fs_subr.c | 3
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_ioctl.c | 1
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_ioctl32.c | 1
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_iops.c | 1
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_linux.h | 1
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_lrw.c | 87 --
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_lrw.h | 45 -
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_super.c | 104 ---
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_super.h | 7
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_sync.c | 1
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_trace.c | 75 ++
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_trace.h | 1369 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_vnode.h | 4
fs/xfs/quota/xfs_dquot.c | 110 ---
fs/xfs/quota/xfs_dquot.h | 21
fs/xfs/quota/xfs_qm.c | 40 -
fs/xfs/quota/xfs_qm_syscalls.c | 4
fs/xfs/support/ktrace.c | 323 ---------
fs/xfs/support/ktrace.h | 85 --
fs/xfs/xfs.h | 16
fs/xfs/xfs_ag.h | 14
fs/xfs/xfs_alloc.c | 230 +-----
fs/xfs/xfs_alloc.h | 27
fs/xfs/xfs_alloc_btree.c | 1
fs/xfs/xfs_attr.c | 107 ---
fs/xfs/xfs_attr.h | 10
fs/xfs/xfs_attr_leaf.c | 14
fs/xfs/xfs_attr_sf.h | 40 -
fs/xfs/xfs_bmap.c | 507 +++------------
fs/xfs/xfs_bmap.h | 49 -
fs/xfs/xfs_bmap_btree.c | 6
fs/xfs/xfs_btree.c | 5
fs/xfs/xfs_btree_trace.h | 17
fs/xfs/xfs_buf_item.c | 87 --
fs/xfs/xfs_buf_item.h | 20
fs/xfs/xfs_da_btree.c | 3
fs/xfs/xfs_da_btree.h | 7
fs/xfs/xfs_dfrag.c | 2
fs/xfs/xfs_dir2.c | 8
fs/xfs/xfs_dir2_block.c | 20
fs/xfs/xfs_dir2_leaf.c | 21
fs/xfs/xfs_dir2_node.c | 27
fs/xfs/xfs_dir2_sf.c | 26
fs/xfs/xfs_dir2_trace.c | 216 ------
fs/xfs/xfs_dir2_trace.h | 72 --
fs/xfs/xfs_filestream.c | 8
fs/xfs/xfs_fsops.c | 2
fs/xfs/xfs_iget.c | 111 ---
fs/xfs/xfs_inode.c | 67 --
fs/xfs/xfs_inode.h | 76 --
fs/xfs/xfs_inode_item.c | 5
fs/xfs/xfs_iomap.c | 85 --
fs/xfs/xfs_iomap.h | 8
fs/xfs/xfs_log.c | 181 +----
fs/xfs/xfs_log_priv.h | 20
fs/xfs/xfs_log_recover.c | 1
fs/xfs/xfs_mount.c | 2
fs/xfs/xfs_quota.h | 8
fs/xfs/xfs_rename.c | 1
fs/xfs/xfs_rtalloc.c | 1
fs/xfs/xfs_rw.c | 3
fs/xfs/xfs_trans.h | 47 +
fs/xfs/xfs_trans_buf.c | 62 -
fs/xfs/xfs_vnodeops.c | 8
70 files changed, 2151 insertions(+), 2592 deletions(-)
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <aelder@sgi.com>
A lot more functions could be made static, but they need
forward declarations; this does some easy ones, and also
found a few unused functions in the process.
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@sandeen.net>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Felix Blyakher <felixb@sgi.com>
Most callers of xlog_bread need to call xlog_align to get the actual offset.
Consolidate that call into the main xlog_bread and provide a _xlog_bread
for those few that don't want the actual offset.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Just another set of types obsfucating the code, remove them.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Move all fields from xlog_iclog_fields_t into xlog_in_core_t instead of having
them in a substructure and the using #defines to make it look like they were
directly in xlog_in_core_t. Also document that xlog_in_core_2_t is grossly
misnamed, and make all references to it typesafe.
(First sent on Semptember 15th)
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Signed-off-by: Niv Sardi <xaiki@sgi.com>
When an I/O error occurs during an intermediate commit on a rolling
transaction, xfs_trans_commit() will free the transaction structure
and the related ticket. However, the duplicate transaction that
gets used as the transaction continues still contains a pointer
to the ticket. Hence when the duplicate transaction is cancelled
and freed, we free the ticket a second time.
Add reference counting to the ticket so that we hold an extra
reference to the ticket over the transaction commit. We drop the
extra reference once we have checked that the transaction commit
did not return an error, thus avoiding a double free on commit
error.
Credit to Nick Piggin for tripping over the problem.
SGI-PV: 989741
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Lachlan McIlroy <lachlan@sgi.com>
When we need to go from the log to the AIL, we have to go via the
xfs_mount. Add a xfs_ail pointer to the log so we can go directly to the
AIL associated with the log.
SGI-PV: 988143
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:32351a
Signed-off-by: David Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Signed-off-by: Lachlan McIlroy <lachlan@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Memory allocations for log->l_grant_trace and iclog->ic_trace are done on
demand when the first event is logged. In xlog_state_get_iclog_space() we
call xlog_trace_iclog() under a spinlock and allocating memory here can
cause us to sleep with a spinlock held and deadlock the system.
For the log grant tracing we use KM_NOSLEEP but that means we can lose
trace entries. Since there is no locking to serialize the log grant
tracing we could race and have multiple allocations and leak memory.
So move the allocations to where we initialize the log/iclog structures.
Use KM_NOFS to avoid recursing into the filesystem and drop log->l_trace
since it's not even used.
SGI-PV: 983738
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:31896a
Signed-off-by: Lachlan McIlroy <lachlan@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Remove all the useless flags and code keyed off it in xfs_mountfs.
SGI-PV: 981498
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:31831a
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Lachlan McIlroy <lachlan@sgi.com>
A lot of code has been converted away from semaphores, but there are still
comments that reference semaphore behaviour. The log code is the worst
offender. Update the comments to reflect what the code really does now.
SGI-PV: 981498
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:31814a
Signed-off-by: David Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Signed-off-by: Lachlan McIlroy <lachlan@sgi.com>
The l_flushsema doesn't exactly have completion semantics, nor mutex
semantics. It's used as a list of tasks which are waiting to be notified
that a flush has completed. It was also being used in a way that was
potentially racy, depending on the semaphore implementation.
By using a sv_t instead of a semaphore we avoid the need for a separate
counter, since we know we just need to wake everything on the queue.
Original waitqueue implementation from Matthew Wilcox. Cleanup and
conversion to sv_t by Christoph Hellwig.
SGI-PV: 981507
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:31059a
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: David Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Lachlan McIlroy <lachlan@sgi.com>
To reduce contention on the log in large CPU count, separate out different
parts of the xlog_t structure onto different cachelines. Move each lock
onto a different cacheline along with all the members that are
accessed/modified while that lock is held.
Also, move the debugging code into debug code.
SGI-PV: 978729
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:30772a
Signed-off-by: David Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Lachlan McIlroy <lachlan@sgi.com>
The ticket allocator is just a simple slab implementation internal to the
log. It requires the icloglock to be held when manipulating it and this
contributes to contention on that lock.
Just kill the entire allocator and use a memory zone instead. While there,
allow us to gracefully fail allocation with ENOMEM.
SGI-PV: 978729
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:30771a
Signed-off-by: David Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Lachlan McIlroy <lachlan@sgi.com>
Rather than use the icloglock for protecting the iclog completion callback
chain, use a new per-iclog lock so that walking the callback chain doesn't
require holding a global lock.
This reduces contention on the icloglock during transaction commit and log
I/O completion by reducing the number of times we need to hold the global
icloglock during these operations.
SGI-PV: 978729
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:30770a
Signed-off-by: David Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Lachlan McIlroy <lachlan@sgi.com>
Now that we update the log tail LSN less frequently on transaction
completion, we pass the contention straight to the global log state lock
(l_iclog_lock) during transaction completion.
We currently have to take this lock to decrement the iclog reference
count. there is a reference count on each iclog, so we need to take þhe
global lock for all refcount changes.
When large numbers of processes are all doing small trnasctions, the iclog
reference counts will be quite high, and the state change that absolutely
requires the l_iclog_lock is the except rather than the norm.
Change the reference counting on the iclogs to use atomic_inc/dec so that
we can use atomic_dec_and_lock during transaction completion and avoid the
need for grabbing the l_iclog_lock for every reference count decrement
except the one that matters - the last.
SGI-PV: 975671
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:30505a
Signed-off-by: David Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tim Shimmin <tes@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Lachlan McIlroy <lachlan@sgi.com>
Remove macro-to-small-function indirection from xfs_sb.h, and remove some
which are completely unused.
SGI-PV: 976035
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:30528a
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@sandeen.net>
Signed-off-by: Donald Douwsma <donaldd@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Lachlan McIlroy <lachlan@sgi.com>
Mostly trivial conversion with one exceptions: h_num_logops was kept in
native endian previously and only converted to big endian in xlog_sync,
but we always keep it big endian now. With todays cpus fast byteswap
instructions that's not an issue but the new variant keeps the code clean
and maintainable.
SGI-PV: 971186
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:29821a
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Lachlan McIlroy <lachlan@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tim Shimmin <tes@sgi.com>
- the various assign lsn macros are replaced by a single inline,
xlog_assign_lsn, which is equivalent to ASSIGN_ANY_LSN_HOST except
for a more sane calling convention. ASSIGN_LSN_DISK is replaced
by xlog_assign_lsn and a manual bytespap, and ASSIGN_LSN by the same,
except we pass the cycle and block arguments explicitly instead of a
log paramter. The latter two variants only had 2, respectively one
user anyway.
- the GET_CYCLE is replaced by a xlog_get_cycle inline with exactly the
same calling conventions.
- GET_CLIENT_ID is replaced by xlog_get_client_id which leaves away
the unused arch argument. Instead of conditional defintions
depending on host endianess we now do an unconditional swap and shift
then, which generates equal code.
- the unused XLOG_SET macro is removed.
SGI-PV: 971186
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:29820a
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Lachlan McIlroy <lachlan@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tim Shimmin <tes@sgi.com>
- the various assign lsn macros are replaced by a single inline,
xlog_assign_lsn, which is equivalent to ASSIGN_ANY_LSN_HOST except
for a more sane calling convention. ASSIGN_LSN_DISK is replaced
by xlog_assign_lsn and a manual bytespap, and ASSIGN_LSN by the same,
except we pass the cycle and block arguments explicitly instead of a
log paramter. The latter two variants only had 2, respectively one
user anyway.
- the GET_CYCLE is replaced by a xlog_get_cycle inline with exactly the
same calling conventions.
- GET_CLIENT_ID is replaced by xlog_get_client_id which leaves away
the unused arch argument. Instead of conditional defintions
depending on host endianess we now do an unconditional swap and shift
then, which generates equal code.
- the unused XLOG_SET macro is removed.
SGI-PV: 971186
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:29819a
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Lachlan McIlroy <lachlan@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tim Shimmin <tes@sgi.com>
Un-obfuscate GRANT_LOCK, remove GRANT_LOCK->mutex_lock->spin_lock macros,
call spin_lock directly, remove extraneous cookie holdover from old xfs
code, and change lock type to spinlock_t.
SGI-PV: 970382
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:29741a
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@sandeen.net>
Signed-off-by: Donald Douwsma <donaldd@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tim Shimmin <tes@sgi.com>
Un-obfuscate LOG_LOCK, remove LOG_LOCK->mutex_lock->spin_lock macros, call
spin_lock directly, remove extraneous cookie holdover from old xfs code,
and change lock type to spinlock_t.
SGI-PV: 970382
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:29740a
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@sandeen.net>
Signed-off-by: Donald Douwsma <donaldd@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tim Shimmin <tes@sgi.com>
... or in the case of XLOG_TIC_ADD_OPHDR remove a useless macro entirely.
SGI-PV: 968563
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:29511a
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: David Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tim Shimmin <tes@sgi.com>
xfs_start_flags can make use of is_power_of_2 to tidy up the test a little
bit.
SGI-PV: 968563
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:29327a
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@sandeen.net>
Signed-off-by: David Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tim Shimmin <tes@sgi.com>
Remove sizing of logbuf size & count based on physical memory; this was
never a very good gauge as it's looking at global memory, but deciding on
sizing per-filesystem; no account is made of the total number of
filesystems, for example.
For now just take the largest "default" case, as was set for machines with
>400MB - 8 x 32k buffers. This can always be tuned higher or lower with
mount options if necessary. Removes one more user of xfs_physmem.
SGI-PV: 968563
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:29323a
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@sandeen.net>
Signed-off-by: David Chinner <dgc@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tim Shimmin <tes@sgi.com>
space for the unmount record - which becomes a problem in the freeze/thaw
scenario.
SGI-PV: 942533
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:26815a
Signed-off-by: Tim Shimmin <tes@sgi.com>
get more useful error info on space for trans items
SGI-PV: 947110
SGI-Modid: xfs-linux-melb:xfs-kern:24886a
Signed-off-by: Tim Shimmin <tes@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Nathan Scott <nathans@sgi.com>
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
Dave Chinner