libpcap/pcap-linux.c

/*
 *  pcap-linux.c: Packet capture interface to the Linux kernel
 *
 *  Copyright (c) 2000 Torsten Landschoff <torsten@debian.org>
 *  		       Sebastian Krahmer  <krahmer@cs.uni-potsdam.de>
 *  
 *  License: BSD
 *  
 *  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 *  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 *  are met:
 *  
 *  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
 *     the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
 *     distribution.
 *  3. The names of the authors may not be used to endorse or promote
 *     products derived from this software without specific prior
 *     written permission.
 *  
 *  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
 *  IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
 *  WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 */
#ifndef lint
static const char rcsid[] =
    "@(#) $Header: /tcpdump/master/libpcap/pcap-linux.c,v 1.31 2000-10-12 03:53:59 guy Exp $ (LBL)";
#endif

/*
 * Known bugs:
 *   - setting promiscuous on loopback gives every packet twice
 */


#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif

#include "pcap-int.h"

#include <errno.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <net/if.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <linux/if_ether.h>
#include <netinet/if_ether.h>

#ifdef HAVE_NETPACKET_PACKET_H
#include <netpacket/packet.h>
#endif
#ifdef SO_ATTACH_FILTER
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/filter.h>
#endif

#ifndef __GLIBC__
typedef int		socklen_t;
#endif

#ifndef MSG_TRUNC
#define MSG_TRUNC	0
#endif

#define MAX_LINKHEADER_SIZE	256

/* 
 * When capturing on all interfaces we use this as the buffer size. 
 * Should be bigger then all MTUs that occur in real life.
 * 64kB should be enough for now.
 */
#define BIGGER_THAN_ALL_MTUS	(64*1024)

/*
 * Prototypes for internal functions
 */
static int map_arphrd_to_dlt(int arptype );
static int live_open_old(pcap_t *, char *, int, int, char *);
static int live_open_new(pcap_t *, char *, int, int, char *);
static int pcap_read_packet(pcap_t *, pcap_handler, u_char *);

/*
 * Wrap some ioctl calls
 */
static int	iface_get_id(int fd, const char *device, char *ebuf);
static int	iface_get_mtu(int fd, const char *device, char *ebuf);
static int 	iface_get_arptype(int fd, const char *device, char *ebuf);
static int 	iface_bind(int fd, int ifindex, char *ebuf);
static int 	iface_bind_old(int fd, const char *device, char *ebuf);

/*
 *  Get a handle for a live capture from the given device. You can 
 *  pass NULL as device to get all packages (without link level 
 *  information of course). If you pass 1 as promisc the interface
 *  will be set to promiscous mode (XXX: I think this usage should 
 *  be deprecated and functions be added to select that later allow
 *  modification of that values -- Torsten).
 *  
 *  See also pcap(3).
 */
pcap_t *
pcap_open_live(char *device, int snaplen, int promisc, int to_ms, char *ebuf)
{
        /* Allocate a handle for this session. */
	
	pcap_t	*handle = malloc(sizeof(*handle));
	if (handle == NULL) {
		snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, "malloc: %s",
			 pcap_strerror(errno));
		return NULL;
	}

	/* Initialize some components of the pcap structure. */

	memset(handle, 0, sizeof(*handle));
	handle->snapshot	= snaplen;
	handle->md.timeout	= to_ms;
	handle->md.promisc	= promisc;

	/*
	 * NULL and "any" are special devices which give us the hint to 
	 * monitor all devices.
	 */
	if (!device || strcmp(device, "any") == 0) {
		device			= NULL;
		handle->md.device	= strdup("any");
	} else
		handle->md.device	= strdup(device);

	if (handle->md.device == NULL) {
		snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, "strdup: %s",
			 pcap_strerror(errno) );
		free(handle);
		return NULL;
	}

	/* 
	 * Current Linux kernels use the protocol family PF_PACKET to 
	 * allow direct access to all packets on the network while 
	 * older kernels had a special socket type SOCK_PACKET to 
	 * implement this feature.
	 * While this old implementation is kind of obsolete we need
	 * to be compatible with older kernels for a while so we are 
	 * trying both methods with the newer method preferred.
	 */
	
	if (! (live_open_new(handle, device, promisc, to_ms, ebuf) ||
	       live_open_old(handle, device, promisc, to_ms, ebuf)) )
	{
		/* 
		 * Both methods to open the packet socket failed. Tidy
		 * up and report our failure (ebuf is expected to be
		 * set by the functions above). 
		 */

		free(handle->md.device);
		free(handle);
		return NULL;
	}
	
	/* 
	 * Okay, now we have a packet stream open. Maybe we need to handle 
	 * a timeout? In that case we set the filehandle to nonblocking 
	 * so pcap_read can try reading the fd and call select if no data
	 * is available at first. 
	 */

	if (to_ms > 0) {
		int	flags = fcntl(handle->fd, F_GETFL);
		if (flags != -1) {
			flags |= O_NONBLOCK;
			flags = fcntl(handle->fd, F_SETFL, flags);
		}
		if (flags == -1) {
			snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, "fcntl: %s",
				 pcap_strerror(errno));
			pcap_close(handle);
			return NULL;
		}
	}

	return handle;
}

/*
 *  Read at most max_packets from the capture stream and call the callback
 *  for each of them. Returns the number of packets handled or -1 if an
 *  error occured. 
 *  
 *  XXX: Can I rely on the Linux-specified behaviour of select (returning
 *  the time left in the timeval structure)? I really don't want to query
 *  the system time before each select call...
 *  
 *  pcap_read currently gets not only a packet from the kernel but also
 *  the sockaddr_ll returned as source of the packet. This way we can at
 *  some time extend tcpdump and libpcap to sniff on all devices at a time
 *  and find the right printing routine by using the information in the
 *  sockaddr_ll structure.
 */
int
pcap_read(pcap_t *handle, int max_packets, pcap_handler callback, u_char *user)
{
	int		status, packets;
	fd_set		read_fds;
	struct timeval	tv;

	/*
	 * Fill in a timeval structure for select if we need to obeye a
	 * timeout.
	 */
	if (handle->md.timeout > 0) {
		tv.tv_usec	= (handle->md.timeout % 1000) * 1000;
		tv.tv_sec	= (handle->md.timeout / 1000);
	}
	
	/*
	 * Read packets until the packet limit has been reached or 
	 * an error occured while reading. Call the user function 
	 * for each received packet.
	 */
	for (packets = 0; max_packets == -1 || packets < max_packets;)
	{
		status = pcap_read_packet(handle, callback, user);

		if (status > 0) {
			packets += status;
			continue;
		} else if (status == -1)
			return -1;
			
		/* 
		 * If no packet is available we go to sleep. FIXME: This
		 * might be better implemented using poll(?)
		 */
		FD_ZERO(&read_fds);
		FD_SET(handle->fd, &read_fds);
		status = select(handle->fd + 1, 
				&read_fds, NULL, NULL, &tv);
		if (status == -1) {
			snprintf(handle->errbuf, sizeof(handle->errbuf),
				 "select: %s", pcap_strerror(errno));
			return -1;
		} else if (status == 0 || 
			   (tv.tv_usec == 0 && tv.tv_sec == 0))
			return packets;
	}

	return packets;
}
		
/*
 *  Read a packet from the socket calling the handler provided by 
 *  the user. Returns the number of packets received or -1 if an
 *  error occured.
 */
static int
pcap_read_packet(pcap_t *handle, pcap_handler callback, u_char *userdata)
{
	struct sockaddr		from;
	socklen_t		fromlen;
	int			packet_len, caplen;
	struct pcap_pkthdr	pcap_header;

	/*
	 * We don't currently use the from return value of recvfrom but
	 * this will probably be implemented in the future.
	 */
	
	/* Receive a single packet from the kernel */

	do {
		fromlen = sizeof(from);
		packet_len = recvfrom( 
			handle->fd, handle->buffer + handle->offset, 
			handle->snapshot, MSG_TRUNC, 
			(struct sockaddr *) &from, &fromlen);
	} while (packet_len == -1 && errno == EINTR);

	/* Check if an error occured */

	if (packet_len == -1) {
		if (errno == EAGAIN)
			return 0;	/* no packet there */
		else {
			snprintf(handle->errbuf, sizeof(handle->errbuf),
				 "recvfrom: %s", pcap_strerror(errno));
			return -1;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * XXX: According to the kernel source we should get the real 
	 * packet len if calling recvfrom with MSG_TRUNC set. It does 
	 * not seem to work here :(, but it is supported by this code
	 * anyway. 
	 * To be honest the code RELIES on that feature so this is really
	 * broken with 2.2.x kernels.
	 * I spend a day to figure out what's going on and I found out
	 * that the following is happening: 
	 *
	 * The packet comes from a random interface and the packet_rcv 
	 * hook is called with a clone of the packet. That code inserts
	 * the packet into the receive queue of the packet socket.
	 * If a filter is attached to that socket that filter is run
	 * first - and there lies the problem. The default filter always
	 * cuts the packet at the snaplen:
	 *
	 * # tcpdump -d
	 * (000) ret      #68
	 *
	 * So the packet filter cuts down the packet. The recvfrom call 
	 * says "hey, it's only 68 bytes, it fits into the buffer" with
	 * the result that we don't get the real packet length. This 
	 * is valid at least until kernel 2.2.17pre6. 
	 *
	 * tcpdump is currently fixed by changing the BPF code generator
	 * to not truncate the received packet. 
	 */
	
	caplen = packet_len;
	if (caplen > handle->snapshot)
		caplen = handle->snapshot;

	/* Run the packet filter if not using kernel filter */
	if (!handle->md.use_bpf && handle->fcode.bf_insns) {
		if (bpf_filter(handle->fcode.bf_insns, handle->buffer, 
		                packet_len, caplen) == 0)
		{
			/* rejected by filter */
			return 0;
		}
	}
	
	/* Fill in our own header data */
	
	if (ioctl(handle->fd, SIOCGSTAMP, &pcap_header.ts) == -1) {
		snprintf(handle->errbuf, sizeof(handle->errbuf),
			 "ioctl: %s", pcap_strerror(errno));
		return -1;
	}
	pcap_header.caplen	= caplen;
	pcap_header.len		= packet_len;
	
	/* Call the user supplied callback function */
	handle->md.stat.ps_recv++;
	callback(userdata, &pcap_header, handle->buffer + handle->offset);

	return 1;
}

/*
 *  Get the statistics for the given packet capture handle.
 *  FIXME: Currently does not report the number of dropped packets.
 */
int
pcap_stats(pcap_t *handle, struct pcap_stat *stats)
{
	*stats = handle->md.stat;
	return 0;
}

/*
 *  Attach the given BPF code to the packet capture device. 
 */
int
pcap_setfilter(pcap_t *handle, struct bpf_program *filter)
{
#ifdef SO_ATTACH_FILTER
	struct sock_fprog	fcode;
#endif

	if (!handle)
		return -1;
	if (!filter) {
	        strncpy(handle->errbuf, "setfilter: No filter specified",
			sizeof(handle->errbuf));
		return -1;
	}

	/* Free old filter code if existing */

	handle->fcode.bf_len	= 0;
	if (handle->fcode.bf_insns) {
		free(handle->fcode.bf_insns);
		handle->fcode.bf_insns = NULL;
	}


	/* Make our private copy of the filter */

	handle->fcode.bf_len   = filter->bf_len;
	handle->fcode.bf_insns = 
		malloc(filter->bf_len * sizeof(*filter->bf_insns));
	if (handle->fcode.bf_insns == NULL) {
		snprintf(handle->errbuf, sizeof(handle->errbuf),
			 "malloc: %s", pcap_strerror(errno));
		return -1;
	} 
	memcpy(handle->fcode.bf_insns, filter->bf_insns, 
	       filter->bf_len * sizeof(*filter->bf_insns));

	/* 
	 * Run user level packet filter by default. Will be overriden if 
	 * installing a kernel filter succeeds. 
	 */
	handle->md.use_bpf = 0;

	/* Install kernel level filter if possible */
	
#ifdef SO_ATTACH_FILTER
	/*
	 * Oh joy, the Linux kernel uses struct sock_fprog instead of 
	 * struct bpf_program and of course the length field is of 
	 * different size. Pointed out by Sebastian
	 */

	fcode.filter	= (struct sock_filter *) handle->fcode.bf_insns;
	fcode.len	= filter->bf_len;
#ifdef USHRT_MAX
	if (filter->bf_len > USHRT_MAX) {
		/*
		 * fcode.len is an unsigned short for current kernel. 
		 * I have yet to see BPF-Code with that much instructions
		 * but still it is possible. So for the sake of 
		 * correctness I added this check.
		 */
		fprintf(stderr, "Warning: Filter to complex for kernel\n");
	} 
	else
#endif
        if (setsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ATTACH_FILTER, 
		       &fcode, sizeof(fcode)) == 0)
	{
		/* Installation succeded - using kernel filter. */
		handle->md.use_bpf = 1;
	} 
	else
	{
		/* 
		 * Print a warning if kernel filter available but a problem
		 * occured using it. 
		 */
		if (errno != ENOPROTOOPT && errno != EOPNOTSUPP) {
			fprintf(stderr, "Warning: Kernel filter failed: %s\n", 
				pcap_strerror(errno));
		}
	}
#endif

	return 0;
}

/*
 *  Linux uses the ARP hardware type to identify the type of an 
 *  interface. pcap uses the DLT_xxx constants for this. This 
 *  function maps the ARPHRD_xxx constant to an appropriate
 *  DLT_xxx constant.
 *  
 *  Returns -1 if unable to map the type.
 */
static int map_arphrd_to_dlt(int arptype)
{
	switch (arptype) {
	case ARPHRD_ETHER:
	case ARPHRD_METRICOM:
	case ARPHRD_LOOPBACK:	return DLT_EN10MB;
	case ARPHRD_EETHER:	return DLT_EN3MB;
	case ARPHRD_AX25:	return DLT_AX25;
	case ARPHRD_PRONET:	return DLT_PRONET;
	case ARPHRD_CHAOS:	return DLT_CHAOS;
	case ARPHRD_IEEE802:	return DLT_IEEE802;
	case ARPHRD_ARCNET:	return DLT_ARCNET;
	case ARPHRD_FDDI:	return DLT_FDDI;

#ifndef ARPHRD_ATM  /* FIXME: How to #include this? */
#define ARPHRD_ATM 19
#endif
	case ARPHRD_ATM:	return DLT_ATM_CLIP;

	case ARPHRD_PPP:
	case ARPHRD_CSLIP:
	case ARPHRD_SLIP6:
	case ARPHRD_CSLIP6:
	case ARPHRD_SLIP:	return DLT_RAW;
	}

	return -1;
}

/* ===== Functions to interface to the newer kernels ================== */

/*
 *  Try to open a packet socket using the new kernel interface.
 *  Returns 0 on failure.
 *  FIXME: 0 uses to mean success (Sebastian)
 */
static int
live_open_new(pcap_t *handle, char *device, int promisc, 
	      int to_ms, char *ebuf)
{
#ifdef HAVE_NETPACKET_PACKET_H
	int			sock_fd = -1, device_id, mtu, arptype;
	struct packet_mreq	mr;

	/* One shot loop used for error handling - bail out with break */

	do {
		/*
		 * Open a socket with protocol family packet. If a device is
		 * given we try to open it in raw mode otherwise we use 
		 * the cooked interface. 
		 */
		sock_fd = device ? 
			socket(PF_PACKET, SOCK_RAW, htons(ETH_P_ALL))
		      : socket(PF_PACKET, SOCK_DGRAM, htons(ETH_P_ALL));

		if (sock_fd == -1) {
			snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, "socket: %s",
				 pcap_strerror(errno) );
			break;
		}

		/* It seems the kernel supports the new interface. */
		handle->md.sock_packet = 0;

		/*
		 * What kind of frames do we have to deal with? Fall back 
		 * to cooked mode if we have an unknown interface type. 
		 */

		if (device) {
			arptype	= iface_get_arptype(sock_fd, device, ebuf);
			if (arptype == -1) 
				break;
			handle->linktype = map_arphrd_to_dlt(arptype);
		} else 
			handle->linktype = PCAP_ENCAP_RAW;
			
		if (handle->linktype == -1) {
			/* Unknown interface type - reopen in cooked mode */
			
			if (close(sock_fd) == -1) {
				snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
					 "close: %s", pcap_strerror(errno));
				break;
			}
			sock_fd = socket(PF_PACKET, SOCK_DGRAM, 
					 htons(ETH_P_ALL));
			if (sock_fd == -1) {
				snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
					 "socket: %s", pcap_strerror(errno));
				break;
			}

			fprintf(stderr, 
				"Warning: Falling back to cooked socket\n");
			handle->linktype = DLT_RAW;
		}


		if (device) {
			device_id = iface_get_id(sock_fd, device, ebuf);
			if (device_id == -1)
				break;

			if (iface_bind(sock_fd, device_id, ebuf) == -1)
				break;
		}

		/* Select promiscous mode on/off */

#ifdef SOL_PACKET
		/* 
		 * Hmm, how can we set promiscuous mode on all interfaces?
		 * I am not sure if that is possible at all.
		 */

		if (device) {
			memset(&mr, 0, sizeof(mr));
			mr.mr_ifindex = device_id;
			mr.mr_type    = promisc ? 
				PACKET_MR_PROMISC : PACKET_MR_ALLMULTI;
			if (setsockopt(sock_fd, SOL_PACKET, 
				PACKET_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &mr, sizeof(mr)) == -1)
			{
				snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, 
					"setsockopt: %s", pcap_strerror(errno));
				break;
			}
		}
#endif
		
		/* Compute the buffersize */

		mtu	= iface_get_mtu(sock_fd, device, ebuf);
		if (mtu == -1)
			break;
		handle->bufsize	 = MAX_LINKHEADER_SIZE + mtu;
		
		/* Fill in the pcap structure */

		handle->fd 	 = sock_fd;
		handle->offset	 = 0;

		handle->buffer	 = malloc(handle->bufsize);
		if (!handle->buffer) {
			snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
				 "malloc: %s", pcap_strerror(errno));
			break;
		}

		return 1;

	} while(0);

	if (sock_fd != -1)
		close(sock_fd);
	return 0;
#else
	strncpy(ebuf, 
		"New packet capturing interface not supported by build " 
		"environment", PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE);
	return 0;
#endif
}

#ifdef HAVE_NETPACKET_PACKET_H
/*
 *  Return the index of the given device name. Fill ebuf and return 
 *  -1 on failure.
 */
static int
iface_get_id(int fd, const char *device, char *ebuf)
{
	struct ifreq	ifr;

	memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
	strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, device, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));

	if (ioctl(fd, SIOCGIFINDEX, &ifr) == -1) {
		snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
			 "ioctl: %s", pcap_strerror(errno));
		return -1;
	}

	return ifr.ifr_ifindex;
}

/*
 *  Bind the socket associated with FD to the given device. 
 */
static int
iface_bind(int fd, int ifindex, char *ebuf)
{
	struct sockaddr_ll	sll;

	memset(&sll, 0, sizeof(sll));
	sll.sll_family		= AF_PACKET;
	sll.sll_ifindex		= ifindex;
	sll.sll_protocol	= htons(ETH_P_ALL);

	if (bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *) &sll, sizeof(sll)) == -1) {
		snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
			 "bind: %s", pcap_strerror(errno));
		return -1;
	}

	return 0;
}

#endif


/* ===== Functions to interface to the older kernels ================== */

/*
 * With older kernels promiscuous mode is kind of interesting because we
 * have to reset the interface before exiting. The problem can't really
 * be solved without some daemon taking care of managing usage counts. 
 * We save the promiscuous state of the device when opening the capture
 * stream and arrange for it to be reset on process exit.
 *
 * XXX: This solution is still not correct even for this case. The 
 * devices stay in promiscuous mode until the process exits. I need to 
 * modify pcap_close to solve this.
 */

/* 
 * The device name and the interface flags to be restored at exit
 */
struct ifreq	restore_ifr;

static void	restore_interface( void )
{
	int	status = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_PACKET, 0);

	if (status != -1)
		status = ioctl(status, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &restore_ifr);

	if (status == -1) {
		fprintf(stderr, 
		"Can't restore interface flags. Please adjust manually. \n"
		"Hint: This can't happen with Linux >= 2.2.0.\n");
	}
}

/*
 *  Try to open a packet socket using the old kernel interface.
 *  Returns 0 on failure.
 *  FIXME: 0 uses to mean success (Sebastian)
 */
static int
live_open_old(pcap_t *handle, char *device, int promisc, 
	      int to_ms, char *ebuf)
{
	int		sock_fd = -1, mtu, arptype;
	struct ifreq	ifr;

	do {
		/* Open the socket */
		
		sock_fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_PACKET, htons(ETH_P_ALL));
		if (sock_fd == -1) {
			snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
				 "socket: %s", pcap_strerror(errno));
			break;
		}

		/* It worked - we are using the old interface */
		handle->md.sock_packet = 1;

		/* Bind to the given device */

		if (!device) {
		        strncpy(ebuf, "pcap_open_live: No interface given",
				PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE);
			break;
		}
		if (iface_bind_old(sock_fd, device, ebuf) == -1)
			break;

		/* Go to promisc mode */
		if (promisc) {
			memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
			strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, device, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
			if (ioctl(sock_fd, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
				snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
					 "ioctl: %s", pcap_strerror(errno));
				break;
			}
			if ((ifr.ifr_flags & IFF_PROMISC) == 0) {
				restore_ifr    = ifr;
				ifr.ifr_flags |= IFF_PROMISC;
				if (ioctl(sock_fd, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
				        snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
						 "ioctl: %s",
						 pcap_strerror(errno));
					break;
				}
				if (atexit(restore_interface) == -1) {
					restore_interface();
					strncpy(ebuf, "atexit failed",
						PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE);
					break;
				}
			}
		}

		
		/* Compute the buffersize */

		mtu	= iface_get_mtu(sock_fd, device, ebuf);
		if (mtu == -1)
			break;
		handle->bufsize	 = MAX_LINKHEADER_SIZE + mtu;
		
		/* All done - fill in the pcap handle */

		arptype = iface_get_arptype(sock_fd, device, ebuf);
		if (arptype == -1)
			break;

		handle->fd 	 = sock_fd;
		handle->offset	 = 0;
		handle->linktype = map_arphrd_to_dlt(arptype);
		if (handle->linktype == -1) {
			snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
				 "interface type of %s not supported", device);
			break;
		}
		handle->buffer	 = malloc(handle->bufsize);
		if (!handle->buffer) {
		        snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
				 "malloc: %s", pcap_strerror(errno));
			break;
		}

		return 1;
		
	} while (0);
		
	if (sock_fd != -1)
		close(sock_fd);
	return 0;
}

/*
 *  Bind the socket associated with FD to the given device using the 
 *  interface of the old kernels.
 */
static int
iface_bind_old(int fd, const char *device, char *ebuf)
{
	struct sockaddr	saddr;

	memset(&saddr, 0, sizeof(saddr));
	strncpy(saddr.sa_data, device, sizeof(saddr.sa_data));
	if (bind(fd, &saddr, sizeof(saddr)) == -1) {
		snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
			 "bind: %s", pcap_strerror(errno));
		return -1;
	}

	return 0;
}


/* ===== System calls available on all supported kernels ============== */

/*
 *  Query the kernel for the MTU of the given interface. 
 */
static int
iface_get_mtu(int fd, const char *device, char *ebuf)
{
	struct ifreq	ifr;

	if (!device)
		return BIGGER_THAN_ALL_MTUS;

	memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
	strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, device, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));

	if (ioctl(fd, SIOCGIFMTU, &ifr) == -1) {
		snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
			 "ioctl: %s", pcap_strerror(errno));
		return -1;
	}

	return ifr.ifr_mtu;
}

/*
 *  Get the hardware type of the given interface as ARPHRD_xxx constant.
 */
static int
iface_get_arptype(int fd, const char *device, char *ebuf)
{
	struct ifreq	ifr;

	memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
	strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, device, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));

	if (ioctl(fd, SIOCGIFHWADDR, &ifr) == -1) {
		snprintf(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
			 "ioctl: %s", pcap_strerror(errno));
		return -1;
	}

	return ifr.ifr_hwaddr.sa_family;
}